Jewish folklore are
legends,
music,
oral history,
proverbs,
jokes,
popular beliefs,
fairy tales,
stories,
tall tales, and
customs that are the
traditions of Judaism.
Folktales are characterized by the presence of unusual personages, by the sudden transformation of men into beasts and vice versa, or by other unnatural incidents. A number of
aggadic stories bear folktale characteristics, especially those relating to
Og, King of Bashan, which have the same exaggerations as have the lügenmärchen of modern German folktales.[1]
Middle Ages
There is considerable evidence of Jewish people bringing and helping the spread of Eastern folktales in Europe.[2] Besides these tales from foreign sources, Jews either collected or composed others which were told throughout the European
ghettos, and were collected in Yiddish in the "Maasebücher".[2] Numbers of the folktales contained in these collections were also published separately.[3] It is, however, difficult to call many of them folktales in the sense given above, since nothing fairy-like or supernormal occurs in them.[2]
Legends
There are a few definitely Jewish legends of the Middle Ages which partake of the character of folktales, such as those of
the Jewish pope Andreas and of the
golem, or that relating to the wall of the Rashi chapel, which moved backward in order to save the life of a poor woman who was in danger of being crushed by a passing carriage in the narrow way. Several of these legends were collected by
Abraham Moses Tendlau [
de] (Sagen und Legenden der Jüdischen Vorzeit).[4]
In the late 19th century many folktales were gathered among Jews or published from Hebrew manuscripts by
Israël Lévi [
fr] in the Revue des Etudes Juives, in the Revue des Traditions Populaires, and in Melusine; by
Moses Gaster in Folk-Lore and in the reports of
Montefiore College; and by
Max Grunwald in Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Jüdische Volkskunde;[5] by
L. Wiener in the same periodical; and by
F. S. Krauss in Urquell, both series.
Aggadah and folklore compilations
The Legends of the Jews[6] by Rabbi
Louis Ginzberg, is an original synthesis of a vast amount of aggadah from the
Mishnah, the two Talmuds and
Midrash. Ginzberg had an encyclopedic knowledge of all rabbinic literature, and his masterwork included a massive array of aggadot. However he did not create an anthology which showed these aggadot distinctly. Rather, he paraphrased them and rewrote them into one continuous narrative that covered five volumes, followed by two volumes of footnotes that give specific sources.
The Ein Yaakov is a compilation of the aggadic material in the Babylonian Talmud together with commentary.
Sefer Ha-Aggadah, "The Book of Legends" is a classic compilation of aggadah from the Mishnah, the two Talmuds and the Midrash literature. It was edited by
Hayim Nahman Bialik and
Yehoshua Hana Rawnitzki. Bialik and Ravnitzky worked to compile a comprehensive and representative overview of aggadah; they spent three years compiling their work. When they found the same aggadah in multiple versions, from multiple sources, they usually selected the later form, the one found in the Babylonian Talmud. However they also presented a great some aggadot sequentially, giving the early form from the Jerusalem Talmud, and later versions from the Babylonian Talmud, and from a classic midrash compilation. In each case each every aggadah is given with its original source. In their original edition, they translated the Aramaic aggadot into modern Hebrew. Sefer Ha-Aggadah was first published in 1908–11 in
Odessa, Russia, then reprinted numerous times in
Israel. In 1992 it was translated into English as "The Book of Legends", by William G, Braude.
Mimekor Yisrael, by
Micha Josef (bin Gorion) Berdyczewski. Berdyczewski was interested in compiling the
folklore and legends of the Jewish people, from the earliest times up until the dawn of the modern era. His collection included a large array of aggadot, although they were limited to those he considered within the domain of folklore.
^See the earlier ones given by Moritz Steinschneider in Hebrew Books in the Bodleian Library, Oxford (Catalogus Librorum Hebræorum in Bibliotheca Bodleiana), Berlin, 1852-60), Nos. 3869-3942
Gaster, Moses (1924). The exempla of the rabbis; being a collection of exempla, apologues and tales culled from Hebrew manuscripts and rare Hebrew books. London; Leipzig: The Asia Pub. Co.
Schwartz, Howard (1987). Elijah's violin and other Jewish folktales. Harmondsworth: Penguin.