Iodine-129 (¹²⁹I) is a long-lived radioisotope of iodine that occurs naturally but is also of special interest in the monitoring and effects of man-made nuclear fission products, where it serves as both a tracer and a potential radiological contaminant.

Formation and decay

¹²⁹I is one of seven long-lived fission products. It is primarily formed from the fission of uranium and plutonium in nuclear reactors. Significant amounts were released into the atmosphere by nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s and 1960s, by nuclear reactor accidents and by both military and civil reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. ^[3]

It is also naturally produced in small quantities, due to the spontaneous fission of natural uranium, by cosmic ray spallation of trace levels of xenon in the atmosphere, and by cosmic ray muons striking tellurium-130. ^{[4] [5]}

¹²⁹I decays with a half-life of 15.7 million years, with low-energy beta and gamma emissions, to stable xenon-129 (¹²⁹Xe). ^[6]

Long-lived fission product

¹²⁹I is one of the seven long-lived fission products that are produced in significant amounts. Its yield is 0.706% per fission of ²³⁵U. ^[7] Larger proportions of other iodine isotopes such as ¹³¹I are produced, but because these all have short half-lives, iodine in cooled spent nuclear fuel consists of about 5⁄6 ¹²⁹I and 1⁄6 the only stable iodine isotope, ¹²⁷I.

Because ¹²⁹I is long-lived and relatively mobile in the environment, it is of particular importance in long-term management of spent nuclear fuel. In a deep geological repository for unreprocessed used fuel, ¹²⁹I is likely to be the radionuclide of most potential impact at long times.

Since ¹²⁹I has a modest neutron absorption cross-section of 30  barns, ^[8] and is relatively undiluted by other isotopes of the same element, it is being studied for disposal by nuclear transmutation by re-irradiation with neutrons ^[9] or by high-powered lasers. ^[10]

Release by nuclear fuel reprocessing

This section contains too many or overly lengthy quotations. Please help summarize the quotations. Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote or excerpts to Wikisource. (August 2023)

A large fraction of the ¹²⁹I contained in spent fuel is released into the gas phase, when spent fuel is first chopped and then dissolved in boiling nitric acid during reprocessing. ^[3] At least for civil reprocessing plants, special scrubbers are supposed to withhold 99.5% (or more) of the Iodine by adsorption, ^[3] before exhaust air is released into the environment. However, the Northeastern Radiological Health Laboratory (NERHL) found, during their measurements at the first US civil reprocessing plant, which was operated by Nuclear Fuel Services, Inc. (NFS) in Western New York, that "between 5 and 10% of the total ¹²⁹I available from the dissolved fuel" was released into the exhaust stack. ^[3] They further wrote that "these values are greater than predicted output (Table 1). This was expected since the iodine scrubbers were not operating during the dissolution cycles monitored." ^[3]

The Northeastern Radiological Health Laboratory further states that, due to limitations of their measuring systems, the actual release of ¹²⁹I may have even been higher, "since [¹²⁹I] losses [by adsorption] probably occurred in the piping and ductwork between the stack and the sampler". ^[3] Furthermore, the sample taking system used by the NERHL had a bubbler trap for measuring the tritium content of the gas samples before the iodine trap. The NERHL found out only after taking the samples that "the bubbler trap retained 60 to 90% of the ¹²⁹I sampled". ^[3] They concluded: "The bubblers located upstream of the ion exchangers removed a major portion of the gaseous ¹²⁹I before it reached the ion exchange sampler. The iodine removal ability of the bubbler was anticipated, but not in the magnitude that it occurred." The documented release of "between 5 and 10% of the total ¹²⁹I available from the dissolved fuel" ^[3] is not corrected for those two measurement deficiencies.

Military isolation of plutonium from spent fuel has also released ¹²⁹I to the atmosphere: "More than 685,000 curies of iodine 131 spewed from the stacks of Hanford's separation plants in the first three years of operation." ^[11] As ¹²⁹I and ¹³¹I have very similar physical and chemical properties, and no isotope separation was performed at Hanford, ¹²⁹I must have also been released there in large quantities during the Manhattan project. As Hanford reprocessed "hot" fuel, that had been irradiated in a reactor only a few months earlier, the activity of the released short-lived ¹³¹I, with a half-life time of just 8 days, was much higher than that of the long-lived ¹²⁹I. However, while all of the ¹³¹I released during the times of the Manhattan project has decayed by now, over 99.999% of the ¹²⁹I is still in the environment.

Ice borehole data obtained from the university of Bern at the Fiescherhorn glacier in the Alpian mountains at a height of 3950 m show a somewhat steady increase in the ¹²⁹I deposit rate (shown in the image as a solid line) with time. In particular, the highest values obtained in 1983 and 1984 are about six times as high as the maximum that was measured during the period of the atmospheric bomb testing in 1961. This strong increase following the conclusion of the atmospheric bomb testing indicates that nuclear fuel reprocessing has been the primary source of atmospheric iodine-129 since then. These measurements lasted until 1986. ^[12]

Applications

Groundwater age dating

¹²⁹I is not deliberately produced for any practical purposes. However, its long half-life and its relative mobility in the environment have made it useful for a variety of dating applications. These include identifying older groundwaters based on the amount of natural ¹²⁹I (or its ¹²⁹Xe decay product) present, as well as identifying younger groundwaters by the increased anthropogenic ¹²⁹I levels since the 1960s. ^{[13] [14] [15]}

Meteorite age dating

In 1960, physicist John H. Reynolds discovered that certain meteorites contained an isotopic anomaly in the form of an overabundance of ¹²⁹Xe. He inferred that this must be a decay product of long-decayed radioactive ¹²⁹I. This isotope is produced in quantity in nature only in supernova explosions. As the half-life of ¹²⁹I is comparatively short in astronomical terms, this demonstrated that only a short time had passed between the supernova and the time the meteorites had solidified and trapped the ¹²⁹I. These two events (supernova and solidification of gas cloud) were inferred to have happened during the early history of the Solar System, as the ¹²⁹I isotope was likely generated before the Solar System was formed, but not long before, and seeded the solar gas cloud isotopes with isotopes from a second source. This supernova source may also have caused collapse of the solar gas cloud. ^{[16] [17]}

See also

• Isotopes of iodine
• Iodine in biology
• Xenon tetrachloride

References

Further reading

• Snyder, G. T.; Fabryka-Martin, J. T. (2007). "129I and 36Cl in dilute hydrocarbon waters: Marine-cosmogenic, in situ, and anthropogenic sources". Applied Geochemistry. 22 (3): 692. Bibcode: 2007ApGC...22..692S. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.12.011.
• Snyder, G.; Fehn, U. (2004). "Global distribution of 129I in rivers and lakes: Implications for iodine cycling in surface reservoirs". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 223–224: 579–586. Bibcode: 2004NIMPB.223..579S. doi: 10.1016/j.nimb.2004.04.107.

External links

• ANL factsheet
• Monitoring iodine-129 in air and milk samples collected near the Hanford Site: an investigation of historical iodine monitoring data
• Studies with natural and anthropogenic iodine isotopes: iodine distribution and cycling in the global environment
• Some Publications using ¹²⁹I Data from IsoTrace, 1997-2002 Archived 2014-01-19 at the Wayback Machine