In 1789 is made the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, set by France's National Constituent Assembly. [1] [2] In 1791, the enslaved Africans of Saint-Domingue began the Haitian Revolution, aimed at the overthrow of the colonial regime.
Background
Arawak and Taino people inhabited for more than one thousand years what was later known as Hispaniola. Christopher Columbus arrived to the island on December 5, 1492. The name Haiti (or Hayti) comes from the indigenous Taíno language which was the native name [3] [4] given to the entire island of Hispaniola to mean, "land of high mountains." [5] [6] Saint-Domingue (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃.dɔ.mɛ̃ɡ]) became a French colony from 1659 to 1804 on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. [7]
Early attempts were made by slaves in order to recover their freedom, among them can be named the uprising in Saint-Domingue made by Padrejean in 1676, and the uprising of François Mackandal in 1757 [8] [9]
In France was taking place the French Revolution, on 21 June 1791, King Louis XVI attempted to flee secretly with his family but his plan failed due to a series of misadventures, delays, misinterpretations, and poor judgments. [10] Louis was officially arrested on 13 August 1792 and sent to the Temple, an ancient fortress in Paris that was used as a prison. On 21 September, the National Assembly declared France to be a republic, and abolished the monarchy. Louis was stripped of all of his titles and honors, and from this date was known as Citoyen Louis Capet.
1791 slave rebellion
News of the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen were received by the Hispaniola citizens and prompted the reclamation of their rights.
On the night of August 14, 1791, representative slaves from nearby plantations of Le Cap gathered to participate in a secret ceremony conducted in the woods in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, during the ceremony Dutty Boukman and priestess Cécile Fatiman prophesied that Georges Biassou, Jeannot, Jean-François Papillon would lead the revolution, months later they killed the plantation owners to whom they were enslaved. [11]
Haitian Revolution
Many generals fought in the Haitian revolution, some of they were Macaya, François Capois, Jean-Baptiste Belley, Magloire Ambroise, Nicolas Geffrard (general) , and Étienne Élie Gerin, some of the battles of the revolution were:
- Battle of Croix-des-Bouquets (22 March 1792),
- Siege of Port-au-Prince (12–14 April 1793),
- Battle of Cap-Français (1793) (20–22 June 1793),
- Battle of the Acul (19 February 1794),
- Battle of Saint-Raphaël (20–21 March 1794),
- Battle of Gonaïves (29 April–5 May 1794),
- War of Knives (1799 to 1800): A civil war from June 1799 to July 1800 between the Haitian revolutionary Toussaint Louverture, and André Rigaud,
- Battle of Ravine-à-Couleuvres (23 February 1802),
- Battle of Crête-à-Pierrot (4–24 March 1802),
- Blockade of Saint-Domingue (18 June – 6 December 1803),
- Action of 28 June 1803,
- Battle of Vertières (18 November 1803)
Haitian Declaration of Independence
The Haitian Declaration of Independence was proclaimed on 1 January 1804 in the port city of Gonaïves by Jean-Jacques Dessalines, marking the end of 13-year long Haitian Revolution. The declaration marked Haiti's becoming the first independent Black nation in the Western Hemisphere. [12] [13]
Jean-Jacques Dessalines became the first ruler of an independent Haiti under the 1805 constitution, the Governor-General of Haiti from 1 January 1804 to 2 September 1804, and the Emperor of Haiti from 2 September 1804 to 17 October 1806.
See also
- United States and the Haitian Revolution
- Armée Indigène
- Armistice of March 30, 1798
- End of slavery in Haiti
References
- ^ Copied from the article Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
- ^ Copied from the article Jean-Baptiste Belley
- ^ Edmond, Louisket (2010). The Tears of Haiti. Xlibris. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-4535-1770-3. LCCN 2010908468. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
- ^ Senauth, Frank (2011). The Making and Destruction of Haiti. Bloomington, Indiana, USA: AuthorHouse. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4567-5384-9. LCCN 2011907203.
- ^ Haydn, Joseph; Benjamin Vincent (1860). A Dictionary of Dates Relating to All Ages and Nations: For Universal Reference Comprehending Remarkable Occurrences, Ancient and Modern, The Foundation, Laws, and Governments of Countries-Their Progress In Civilization, Industry, Arts and Science-Their Achievements In Arms-And Their Civil, Military, And Religious Institutions, And Particularly of the British Empire. p. 321. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
- ^ Copied from the article Haiti
- ^ Copied from the article Saint-Domingue
- ^ John K. Thornton. I Am the Subject of the King of Congo: African Political Ideology and the Haitian Revolution Archived 23 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Millersville University of Pennsylvania
- ^ Copied from the article 1791 slave rebellion
- ^ J. M. Thompson, The French Revolution (1943) identifies a series of major and minor mistakes and mishaps, pp. 224–227
- ^ Copied from the article Georges Biassou
- ^ Geggus, David (2011). Canny, Nicholas; Morgan, Philip (eds.). "The Haitian Revolution in Atlantic Perspective". The Oxford Handbook of the Atlantic World. 1. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199210879.013.0031.
- ^ Copied from the article Haitian Declaration of Independence
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