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Immigration to Russia involves foreign citizens seeking permanent residence in the territory of the Russian Federation. The standard immigration procedure consists of the following steps: obtaining a temporary residence permit; obtaining a permanent residence permit and obtaining Russian citizenship. [1] Under current law, one can receive citizenship of Russia after five years of residence and after passing an exam in Russian language. Immigration to Russia is regulated by the Main Directorate for Migration Affairs. [2] Immigration plays an important role in modern Russian demographic processes, accounting for the increase in the population from 2011. [3]
Anyone who works in Russia for five years and develops fluency in the Russian language can become a citizen, provided they have not committed a crime. Almost anyone who is hired by a Russian firm can stay in the country and work indefinitely [4] This reflects a policy change, in response to declining birth rates, on the part of the government of Vladimir Putin from the more restrictive policy enacted after the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union. [5] The large non-Slavic immigrant populations arriving in response to Putin's liberal policy have sometimes encountered xenophobia. To counter this, pursuant to Russian hate-speech laws, the Russian state has shut down various anti-immigrant groups, such as the Movement Against Illegal Immigration.
Russian-language native-speakers, those married to Russian citizens, highly-qualified specialists, businessmen and refugees are eligible for a simplified immigration procedure. It allows gaining citizenship in 3 years (instead of 5 under the standard procedure) or sometimes skipping temporary or permanent residency. [6]
Statistics
Recent trends
| Country | Gross immigration | Net immigration | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
Tajikistan
|
11,043 | 4,717 | 18,188 | 47,638 | 52,676 | 63,467 | 67,929 | 89,553 | 93,333 | 126,840 | 186,560 | 9,885 | 4,283 | 17,494 | 11,362 | 27,288 | 34,639 | 31,028 | 48,374 | 39,424 | 96,609 | 87,264 |
Ukraine
|
74,748 | 30,760 | 27,508 | 194,810 | 178,274 | 150,182 | 137,776 | 161,351 | 143,988 | 122,669 | 148,846 | 39,147 | 18,120 | 21,230 | 146,131 | 118,819 | 47,691 | 14,822 | 64,245 | 52,775 | 64,669 | 27,267 |
Kazakhstan
|
124,903 | 51,945 | 27,862 | 65,750 | 69,356 | 71,680 | 72,141 | 86,311 | 64,494 | 72,668 | 64,382 | 106,990 | 39,508 | 20,533 | 34,767 | 37,130 | 32,736 | 26,516 | 39,166 | 8,440 | 48,317 | −4,947 |
Kyrgyzstan
|
15,536 | 15,592 | 20,901 | 26,045 | 28,202 | 41,165 | 44,408 | 53,810 | 45,676 | 61,101 | 62,360 | 13,679 | 15,119 | 20,260 | 9,935 | 11,043 | 19,355 | 8,978 | 15,106 | 1,402 | 42,549 | −6,824 |
Armenia
|
15,951 | 7,581 | 19,890 | 45,670 | 43,929 | 46,898 | 46,442 | 71,984 | 56,511 | 70,078 | 59,533 | 14,432 | 6,961 | 19,192 | 20,533 | 11,993 | 13,999 | 14,358 | 35,109 | −1,836 | 45,235 | −10,706 |
Uzbekistan
|
40,810 | 30,436 | 24,100 | 74,242 | 60,977 | 64,073 | 55,378 | 60,796 | 50,188 | 56,808 | 54,035 | 37,724 | 29,841 | 23,266 | −20,668 | 19,672 | 22,167 | 6,807 | 19,129 | 4,927 | 36,009 | −8,455 |
Azerbaijan
|
14,906 | 4,600 | 14,500 | 24,326 | 24,109 | 25,602 | 26,690 | 34,619 | 32,135 | 35,209 | 31,773 | 11,719 | 3,326 | 13,389 | 10,660 | 10,439 | 8,599 | 8,737 | 17,005 | 10,894 | 23,659 | −3,712 |
Moldova
|
11,652 | 6,569 | 11,814 | 34,026 | 32,418 | 31,369 | 30,676 | 26,513 | 22,129 | 27,248 | 23,540 | 9,415 | 5,783 | 11,197 | 17,380 | 14,364 | 9,605 | 7,688 | 5,385 | 3,490 | 16,144 | 2,355 |
Belarus
|
10,274 | 6,797 | 4,894 | 17,741 | 14,590 | 21,282 | 19,045 | 18,428 | 14,536 | 23,120 | 18,824 | −3,002 | 763 | 1,995 | 4,909 | 2,127 | 11,770 | 7,191 | 6,283 | −1,403 | 15,424 | −161 |
Turkmenistan
|
6,738 | 4,104 | 2,283 | 6,539 | 7,242 | 8,734 | 10,509 | 14,632 | 12,930 | 10,449 | 12,133 | 6,062 | 3,979 | 2,178 | 2,320 | 2,418 | 2,873 | 2,951 | 6,198 | 778 | 7,230 | −3,702 |
India
|
203 | 54 | 110 | 2,894 | 4,768 | 5,622 | 5,032 | 9,588 | 4,506 | 7,132 | 8,275 | − | 41 | 93 | 1,282 | 1,421 | 1,437 | −185 | 4,326 | −4,779 | 5,007 | −851 |
China
|
1,121 | 432 | 1,380 | 9,043 | 8,027 | 8,237 | 7,067 | 15,306 | 7,270 | 6,465 | 7,964 | 463 | −24 | 1,132 | −778 | −810 | 637 | −477 | 6,679 | −3,764 | 4,248 | −3,018 |
Georgia* Abkhazia ( disp. status) * South Ossetia ( disp. status) |
20,213 – – |
5,497 – – |
5,245 814 33 |
7,038 2,267 342 |
6,511 2,261 216 |
6,809 2,357 270 |
6,345 1,975 260 |
6,925 1,429 110 |
5,764 1,217 131 |
6,506 1,190 148 |
6,002 1,262 137 |
18,411 - - |
4,806 - - |
4,786 732 23 |
3,309 1,272 -282 |
2,294 1,240 83 |
2,586 1,975 180 |
2,031 1,975 96 |
2,840 147 -4 |
1,274 30 14 |
3,838 245 87 |
−196 1,134 39 |
Vietnam
|
182 | 114 | 921 | 4,012 | 3,735 | 3,912 | 3,981 | 6,742 | 6,206 | 5,426 | 5,655 | 149 | 69 | 889 | 1,004 | 394 | 1,194 | 684 | 3,461 | 308 | 3,402 | −2,564 |
| Total | 359,330 | 177,230 | 191,656 | 598,617 | 575,158 | 589,033 | 565,685 | 701,234 | 594,146 | 667,922 | 730,347 | 213,610 | 107,432 | 158,078 | 245,384 | 261,948 | 211,878 | 124,854 | 285,103 | 106,510 | 429,902 | 61,917 |
Foreign population
As of May 2022, there are 5.99 million foreigners residing in the Russian Federation (up from 5.66 million in 2021 but down from 10.13 million in 2019), with the vast majority (91%) being citizens of CIS countries. Central Asians make up the most numerous group, followed by Ukrainian citizens. Temporary migration from Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan increased after a marked decline in 2020-2021. Other CIS countries have steadily demonstrated a decrease in the number of migrants. [9]
According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, as of November 2021, there were 5.5 million migrants in Russia. Of these, 819,600 were in the country illegally. [10] In the first quarter of 2021, 1345 migrants were deported, more than in the same period last year. The number of deported migrants increased in Russia.
Foreign residents from the CIS in Russia: [9]
| Country of origin | Population (2022) | 2021–2022 change |
|---|---|---|
|
Uzbekistan |
1,626,308  |
+435,674 |
|
Tajikistan |
1,262,695 |
+453,529 |
|
Kyrgyzstan |
681,165 |
+58,122 |
|
Ukraine |
597,051  |
-57,869 |
|
Belarus |
428,239 |
-134,722 |
|
Armenia |
280,520 |
-67,160 |
|
Kazakhstan |
228,142 |
-35,349 |
|
Azerbaijan |
215,481 |
-83,600 |
|
Moldova |
76,645 |
-56,230 |
Foreign residents in Russia: [11] 2019
Naturalisations in Russia
2021
See also
References
- ^ Immigrate to Russia https://www.immigratetorussia.com/russian-residence-permit-2/ Archived 1 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "На просторах России". Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
- ^ "Demographics". Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
- ^ Malakhov, Vladimir S. (9 August 2014). "Russia as a New Immigration Country: Policy Response and Public Debate" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 66 (7): 1062–1079. doi: 10.1080/09668136.2014.934140. ISSN 0966-8136. S2CID 153983927. Retrieved 3 October 2018.[ dead link]
- ^ Ragozin, Leonid (13 March 2017). "Russia Wants Immigrants the World Doesn't". www.bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
- ^ Immigrate to Russia Archived 11 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine // SDV Consulting, Inc. Retrieved on 11.05.2023.
- ^ " Migration of the people Archived 1 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine" at gks.ru (Russian Statistical Bureau) website.
- ^ Demography. " International migration Archived 24 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine" at gks.ru (Russian Statistical Bureau) website.
- ^ a b "Мониторинг экономической ситуации в России" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
- ^ "The Ministry of Internal Affairs estimated the number of illegal migrants from the CIS at 800,000 people". Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
-
^
"Archived copy".
Archived from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
{{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link) -
^
"Archived copy".
Archived from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
{{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link) -
^
"Отдельные показатели миграционной ситуации в Российской Федерации за январь - декабрь 2021 года с распределением по странам и регионам". Ministry of Internal Affairs. Archived from
the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
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