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Heracleum
Heracleum sphondylium
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Subfamily: Apioideae
Tribe: Tordylieae
Subtribe: Tordyliinae
Genus: Heracleum
L.
Synonyms [1]
  • Barysoma Bunge
  • Sphondylium Adans.
  • Wendia Hoffm.

Heracleum is a genus of biennial and perennial herbs in the carrot family Apiaceae. They are found throughout the temperate northern hemisphere and in high mountains as far south as Ethiopia. Common names for the genus or its species include hogweed [2] and cow parsnip. [3] [4]

The genus name Heracleum was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. [4] It derives from the Ancient Greek Ἡράκλειος (Hērákleios) "of Heracles", referring to the mythological hero.

Species

Many species of the genus Heracleum are similar in appearance. [5] An outlier is H. mantegazzianum, the large size of which is exceptional. Common species include:

As of January 2022, Plants of the World Online accepts the following 88 species:, [1] it had previously in 2019, up to 148.

Classification and naming

Other than size, the related species H. mantegazzianum, H. sosnowskyi, and H. persicum have very similar characteristics. The common name giant hogweed usually refers to H. mantegazzianum alone but in some locales that common name refers to all three species as a group. [6] [5] Both H. maximum and H. sphondylium are often referred to as cow parsnip. To avoid confusion, these species are sometimes referred to as American cow parsnip and European cow parsnip, respectively. [7] [8]

The morphological similarity of species within the genus Heracleum and the difficulty of botanical identification has led to numerous synonyms and naming issues. For example, the classification of the species now widely known as H. maximum has been inconsistent. In the literature, the scientific names H. lanatum, H. maximum, and others are used interchangeably. Prior to 2000, the former name was most popular, but today the latter name is in vogue.

Phototoxic effects

Most species of the genus Heracleum are known to cause phytophotodermatitis. [9] In particular, the public health risks of giant hogweed (H. mantegazzianum) are well known. [10] [11] [12]

At least 36 species of the genus Heracleum have been reported to contain furanocoumarin, [13] a chemical compound that sensitizes human skin to sunlight.[ citation needed] Of those, at least 25 species contained a psoralen derivative, either bergapten (5-methoxypsoralen) or methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen). Three of those species (H. mantegazzianum, H. sosnowskyi, and H. sphondylium) were found to contain both psoralen derivatives.

References

  1. ^ a b "Heracleum L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  2. ^ hogweed[ dead link] at Oxford Online Dictionaries
  3. ^ Bailey, L.H.; Bailey, E.Z.; the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium (1976). Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. New York: Macmillan. ISBN  978-0-02-505470-7.
  4. ^ a b "Heracleum L." Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 11 Oct 2011.
  5. ^ a b MacDonald, Francine; Anderson, Hayley (May 2012). "Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum): Best Management Practices in Ontario" (PDF). Ontario Invasive Plant Council, Peterborough, ON. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
  6. ^ Booy, Olaf; Cock, Matthew; Eckstein, Lutz; Hansen, Steen Ole; Hattendorf, Jan; Hüls, Jörg; Jahodová, Sárka; Krinke, Lucás; Marovoková, Lanka; Müllerová, Jana; Nentwig, Wolfgang; Nielsen, Charlotte; Otte, Annette; Pergl, Jan; Perglová, Irena; Priekule, Ilze; Pusek, Petr; Ravn, Hans Peter; Thiele, Jan; Trybush, Sviatlana; Wittenberg, Rüdiger (2005). The giant hogweed best practice manual: guidelines for the management and control of invasive weeds in Europe (PDF). Hørsholm: Center for Skov, Landskab og Planlægning/Københavns Universitet. ISBN  87-7903-209-5. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
  7. ^ "Heracleum sphondylium common names". EOL. Retrieved September 15, 2018.
  8. ^ "German-English Dictionary: cow parsnip". dict.cc. Retrieved September 15, 2018.
  9. ^ McGovern, Thomas W; Barkley, Theodore M (1998). "Botanical Dermatology". The Electronic Textbook of Dermatology. 37 (5). Internet Dermatology Society. Section Phytophotodermatitis. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-4362.1998.00385.x. PMID  9620476. S2CID  221810453. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  10. ^ Gander, Kashmira (June 18, 2018). "Giant Hogweed Warning: Plant That Can Cause Blindness, Burn Skin, Spreads Into New State". Newsweek. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  11. ^ Patocka, Jiri; Cupalova, Klara (2017). "Giant Hogweed And Photodermatitis" (PDF). Military Medical Science Letters. 86 (3): 135–138. doi: 10.31482/mmsl.2017.021. ISSN  0372-7025.
  12. ^ Camm, E; Buck, HW; Mitchell, JC (1976). "Phytophotodermatitis from Heracleum mantegazzianum". Contact Dermatitis. 2 (2): 68–72. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1976.tb02987.x. PMID  1017181. S2CID  70428677.
  13. ^ Mitchell, John; Rook, Arthur (1979). Botanical Dermatology: Plants and Plant Products Injurious to the Skin. Vancouver: Greengrass. pp. 692–699.

Bibliography

  • Logacheva, Maria; Valiejo-Roman, C. M.; Pimenov, Michael (February 2007). "ITS phylogeny of West Asian Heracleum species and related taxa of Umbelliferae–Tordylieae W.D.J.Koch, with notes on evolution of their psbA-trnH sequences". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 270 (3): 139–157. doi: 10.1007/s00606-007-0619-x.
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