Ethnic division of Arabs
The Hadharem (
Arabic : حضارم ,
romanized : ḥaḍārim ) or the Hadhrami (
Arabic : حضرمي ,
romanized : ḥaḍramī , singular) are an
Arab
sub-ethnic group indigenous to the
Hadhramaut region in
South Arabia , which is part of modern-day eastern
Yemen . They speak
Hadhrami Arabic . Among the two million inhabitants of
Hadhramaut , there are about 1,300 distinct tribes.
Social hierarchy
As in other regions of Yemen, Hadhrami society is stratified into several groups. At the top of hierarchy are the religious elites or
sayyids , who trace their descent to
Muhammad . These are followed by the
sheikhs and then the
Bedouins : peasants who belong to tribes and who live mainly from agriculture and trading. Finally, at the bottom of the hierarchy are
al-Muhamashīn "the Marginalized" (previously referred to as al-akhdam "the servants").
Language
The Hadharem speak
Hadhrami Arabic , a dialect of
Arabic , although Hadharem living in the diaspora that have acculturated mainly speak the local language of the region they live in.[
citation needed ]
Diaspora
Hadhrami immigrants in
Surabaya (Indonesia) , 1920
Hadhrami Arab neighborhood in Surabaya, 1880
Hadharem of
Palembang , 22 February 1937
The Hadharem have a long seafaring and trading tradition that predates Semitic cultures. Hadramite influence was later overshadowed by the rise of the
Sabaeans , who became the ruling class. This prompted Hadhrami seamen to emigrate in large numbers around the
Indian Ocean basin, including the
Horn of Africa , the
Swahili Coast , the
Malabar Coast ,
Hyderabad in
South India ,
Sri Lanka , and
Maritime Southeast Asia .
[1]
Hadharem in the Persian Gulf
Hadharami communities exist in western Yemen, the trading ports of the
Arab states of the Persian Gulf , and on the coast of the
Red Sea . The money changers in
Jeddah ,
Saudi Arabia have historically been of Hadhrami origin.
[2]
Hadhrami East Africans
South Semitic Kingdom of Hadramawt in 400 BC
The Hadharem have long had a presence in the Horn of Africa (
Djibouti ,
Ethiopia and
Somalia ), and also comprise a notable part of the
Harari population. Hadhrami settlers were instrumental in helping to consolidate the
Muslim community in the coastal
Benadir province of Somalia, in particular.
[3] During the colonial period, disgruntled Hadharem from the tribal wars settled in various Somali towns.
[4] They were also frequently recruited into the armies of the
Somali Sultanates .
[5]
Some Hadhrami communities also reportedly exist in
Mozambique ,
Comoros , and
Madagascar .
[6]
Hadhrami Jews
The vast majority of the
Hadhrami Jews now
live in Israel .
[7]
List of Hadhrami Diaspora
Notable people
Yemen
Swahili Coast
Awadh Saleh Sherman ,
Kenya , businessman
Najib Balala ,
Kenya , former Minister of Tourism
Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi , former
President of Comoros
Habib Salih ,
Lamu , Kenya, religious scholar
Khadija Abdalla Bajaber ,
Mombasa , Kenya, poet and novelist
Mohamed Saleh Bawazir , businessman and philanthropist
Taib Ali Bajaber , former Mayor of Mombasa
Bushra Mohamed ,
British-Kenyan , Architect, Academic & Writer
North Africa
Horn of Africa
Indonesia
Abdurrahman Baswedan , Journalist
Abdurrahman Shihab , Academic and Politician
Najwa Shihab , Journalist and tv presenter
Abu Bakar Bashir , founder of
Jamaah Islamiyah
Ali Alatas , former Foreign Minister
Ahmad bin Abdullah Al Saqqaf , novelist and poet
Alwi Shihab , former Foreign Minister, special envoy to
Middle East and
OIC
[11]
Anies Baswedan , scholar, former Education Minister, Governor of
Jakarta (2017-2022)
Nadiem Anwar Makarim , Minister of Education and Culture
Fadel Muhammad al-Haddar , former Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries
Fuad Hassan , Minister of Education and Culture
Hamid Algadri , a figure in Indonesian National Revolution and member of parliament
Sultan Hamid II ,
Pontianak Sultanate
Habib Abdoe'r Rahman Alzahier , religious leader
Habib Ali al-Habshi of Kwitang , religious leader
Habib Munzir Al-Musawa , Islamic cleric
Habib Rizieq Shihab , founder of
FPI
Habib Usman bin Yahya , Mufti of Batavia
Jafar Umar Thalib , founder of
Laskar Jihad
Sultan Badaruddin II , Sultan of Palembang
Munir Said Thalib Al-Kathiri , human rights activist
Nuruddin ar-Raniri , Islamic scholar
Quraish Shihab , Islamic scholar
Raden Saleh , Artist/painter
Said Naum , a philanthropist
Sayyid Abdullah Al-Aidarus , religious leader
Andi Soraya , Actress
Ahmad Albar , Musician
East Timor
Malaysia
Habib Alwi bin Thahir al-Haddad , former Mufti of Johor Bahru
Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas , philosopher
Syed Hussein Alatas , politician and sociologist
Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir , writer
Syed Hamid Albar , politician
Syed Jaafar Albar , politician
Syed Sheh Hassan Barakbah , judge
Syarif Masahor , warrior
Syed Mokhtar Al-Bukhary businessman
Syed Nasir Ismail , politician
Tun Habib Abdul Majid , Grand Vizier
Zeti Akhtar Aziz , former Governor of Central Bank
House of Jamalullail (Perak)
House of Jamalullail (Perlis)
Singapore
The Hadharem presence in Singapore came from encouragement of
Stamford Raffles to trade in his newly established
colony of Singapore .
[12]
South Asia
Ahmed Bin Abdullah Balala , politician
Ahmed Abdullah Masdoosi , activist and lawyer
Nuruddin ar-Raniri , Islamic scholar
Shah Jalal , Sufi saint
Shah Paran , Sufi saint
Subhani ba Yunus , actor
Syed Ahmed El Edroos , Army general
Shaik Salman Bin Abdul Jabbar Bawazeer , author
Sulaiman Areeb , poet
Awaz Sayeed , writer and poet
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
See also
References
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^ Seznec, Jean-François (1987). The financial markets of the Arabian Gulf . Croom Helm.
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^ Cassanelli, Lee V. (1973).
The Benaadir Past: Essays in Southern Somali History . University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 24.
^ Gavin, R. J. (1975).
Aden under British rule, 1839–1967 . London, UK: Hurst. p.
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Somalia: A country study (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: The Division. pp.
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^ Le Guennec, Francoise (1997).
"Changing Patterns of Hadrahmi Migration and Social Integration in East Africa" . In Freitag, Ulrike; Clarence-Smith, William G. (eds.). Hadhrami Traders, Scholars and Statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s to 1960s .
BRILL . p. 165.
ISBN
978-9004107717 .
^ Katz, Joseph.
"The Jewish Kingdoms of Arabia" . www.eretzyisroel.org . Retrieved 25 June 2017 .
^
"WWW Virtual Library: From where did the Moors come?" . www.lankalibrary.com . Retrieved 25 June 2017 .
^
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Khalidi, Omar (1996).
"The Arabs of Hadramawt in Hyderabad" . In Kulkarni; Naeem; De Souza (eds.). Mediaeval Deccan History .
Bombay : Popular Prakashan.
ISBN
978-8-1715-4579-7 .
^
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d Wink, André (1991).
Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World .
Brill . p. 68.
ISBN
978-9-0040-9249-5 .
^
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^ Tan, Joanna (20 July 2018).
"Singapore's Arab community traces ancestral roots to Yemen's Hadhramaut Valley" .
Arab News . Retrieved 11 December 2023 .
^
"Arab trader's role in Singapore landmark" .
The Straits Times . 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2016 .
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e
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j
"The Hadhrami Diaspora in Southeast Asia: Identity Maintenance or Assimilation?" , The Hadhrami Diaspora in Southeast Asia , Brill, 15 February 2009,
ISBN
978-90-474-2578-6 , retrieved 14 December 2023
^
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"Converging cultures: The Hadrami diaspora in the Indian Ocean - COMPAS" . COMPAS - Migration research at the University of Oxford . 25 August 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2023 .
^ chromeextension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/
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Further reading
Abaza, Mona (2009).
"M. Asad Shahab: A Portrait of an Indonesian Hadrami Who Bridged the Two Worlds" . In Tagliacozzo, Eric (ed.). Southeast Asia and the Middle East: Islam, Movement, and the Longue Durée . NUS Press. pp. 250–274.
ISBN
9789971694241 .
OCLC
260294282 .
Abushouk, Ahmed Ibrahim; Ibrahim, Hassan Ahmed, eds. (2009). The Hadhrami diaspora in Southeast Asia: Identity maintenance or assimilation? .
Brill .
ISBN
9789004172319 .
ISSN
1385-3376 .
OCLC
568619869 .
AHMED BIN SALAM BAHIYAL who came from hadramaut to MAHABUBNAGAR (HYDERABAD) INDIA, 1821
Ali, Shanti Sadiq (1996).
"Chapter 9: The Importation of Arabs and Africans into Hyderabad" . The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times .
Orient Blackswan . pp. 193–202.
ISBN
9788125004851 .
Aljunied, Syed Muhd Khairudin (2007). "The Role of Hadramis in Post-Second World War Singapore – A Reinterpretation". Immigrants & Minorities . 25 (2): 163–183.
doi :
10.1080/02619280802018165 .
ISSN
0261-9288 .
S2CID
144316388 .
Al-Saqqaf, Abdullah Hassan (2008). "The Linguistics of Loanwords in Hadrami Arabic". International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism . 9 (1): 75–93.
doi :
10.1080/13670050608668631 .
ISSN
1367-0050 .
S2CID
145299220 .
Al-Saqqaf, Abdullah Hassan (2012).
"Arabic Literature in Diaspora: An Example from South Asia" . In Raj, Rizio Yohannan (ed.). Quest of a Discipline: New Academic Directions for Comparative Literature . India: Foundation Books. pp. 191–212.
doi :
10.1017/cbo9788175969346.018 .
ISBN
9788175969339 .
Bang, Anne K. (2003). Sufis and scholars of the sea: Family networks in East Africa, 1860-1925 . Routledge.
ISBN
9780415317634 .
OCLC
51879622 .
Boxberger, Linda (2002). On the edge of empire: Hadhramawt, emigration, and the Indian Ocean, 1880s-1930s . SUNY Press.
ISBN
9780791452172 .
ISSN
2472-954X .
OCLC
53226033 .
Freitag, Ulrike (1999). "Hadhramaut: A Religious Centre for the Indian Ocean in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries?". Studia Islamica (89): 165–183.
doi :
10.2307/1596090 .
JSTOR
1596090 .
Freitag, Ulrike (2009).
"From Golden Youth in Arabia to Business Leaders in Singapore: Instructions of a Hadrami Patriarch" . In Tagliacozzo, Eric (ed.). Southeast Asia and the Middle East: Islam, movement, and the Longue Durée . NUS Press. pp. 235–249.
ISBN
9789971694241 .
OCLC
260294282 .
Jacobsen, Frode F. (2008). Hadrami Arabs in present-day Indonesia: An Indonesia-oriented group with an Arab signature . Routledge.
ISBN
9780203884614 .
OCLC
310362117 .
Khalidi, Omar (1996).
"The Arabs of Hadramawt in Hyderabad: Mystics, Mercenaries and Money-lenders" . In Kulakarṇī, A. Rā; Nayeem, M. A.; Souza, Teotonio R. De (eds.). Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi . Bombay, India: Popular Prakashan.
ISBN
9788171545797 .
Manger, Leif; Assal, Munzoul A. M., eds. (2006). "A Hadrami Diaspora in the Sudan".
Diasporas within and without Africa: Dynamism, heterogeneity, variation . Stylus Pub Llc, Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. p. 61.
ISBN
9789171065636 .
OCLC
74650767 .
Manger, Leif (2007). "Hadramis in Hyderabad: From Winners to Losers". Asian Journal of Social Science . 35 (4): 405–433.
doi :
10.1163/156853107x240279 .
ISSN
1568-5314 .
Manger, Leif (2010). The Hadrami diaspora: Community-building on the Indian Ocean rim . Berghahn Books.
ISBN
9781845459789 .
OCLC
732958389 .
Miran, Jonathan (2012). "Red Sea Translocals: Hadrami Migration, Entrepreneurship, and Strategies of Integration in Eritrea, 1840s–1970s". Northeast African Studies . 12 (1): 129–167.
doi :
10.1353/nas.2012.0035 .
ISSN
1535-6574 .
S2CID
143621961 .
Mobini-Kesheh, Natalie (1999). The Hadrami awakening: Community and identity in the Netherlands East Indies, 1900-1942 .
SEAP Publications .
ISBN
9780877277279 .
OCLC
43269837 .
Romero, Patricia W. (1997). Lamu: History, society, and family in an East African port city . Markus Wiener. pp. 93–108, 167–184.
ISBN
9781558761070 .
OCLC
35919259 .
Talib, Ameen Ali (1997). "Hadramis in Singapore". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs . 17 (1): 89–96.
doi :
10.1080/13602009708716360 .
ISSN
1360-2004 .
Walker, Iain (2008). "Hadramis, Shimalis and Muwalladin: Negotiating Cosmopolitan Identities between the Swahili Coast and Southern Yemen". Journal of Eastern African Studies . 2 (1): 44–59.
doi :
10.1080/17531050701846724 .
ISSN
1753-1055 .
S2CID
143463975 .
Yimene, Ababu Minda (2004).
An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change . Cuvillier Verlag. p. 204.
ISBN
9783865372062 .