From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from GSLV Mark III)

The Launch Vehicle Mark-3 or LVM3 [1] [2] [3] (previously referred as the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III or GSLV Mk III) [a] is a three-stage [1] medium-lift launch vehicle developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Primarily designed to launch communication satellites into geostationary orbit, [5] it is also due to launch crewed missions under the Indian Human Spaceflight Programme. [6] LVM3 has a higher payload capacity than its predecessor, GSLV. [7] [8] [9] [10]

Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III)
LVM3 M3 on SDSC SLP, carrying 36 OneWeb satellites
Function Medium-lift launch vehicle [1]
Manufacturer ISRO
Country of originIndia
Cost per launch ₹500 crore (US$63 million) [11] [12]
Size
Height43.43 m (142.5 ft) [13] [1]
Diameter4 m (13 ft) [13]
Mass640,000 kg (1,410,000 lb) [1]
Stages3 [1]
Capacity
Payload to LEO
Mass10,000 kg (22,000 lb) [14]
Payload to GTO
Mass4,300 kg (9,500 lb) [1] [15]
Payload to TLI
Mass3,000 kg (6,600 lb) [16]
Associated rockets
Family Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
Comparable
Launch history
StatusActive
Launch sites Satish Dhawan Space Centre
Total launches 7
Success(es)7
Failure(s)0
Partial failure(s)0
First flight
  • 18 December 2014 (suborbital)
  • 5 June 2017 (orbital)
Last flight14 July 2023
Type of passengers/cargo
First stage – S200 Boosters
Height25 m (82 ft) [1]
Diameter3.2 m (10 ft) [1]
Empty mass31,000 kg (68,000 lb) each [17]
Gross mass236,000 kg (520,000 lb) each [17]
Propellant mass205,000 kg (452,000 lb) each [17]
Powered by Solid S200
Maximum thrust5,150 kN (525 tf) [18] [19] [20]
Specific impulse274.5 seconds (2.692 km/s) (vacuum) [17]
Burn time128 s [17]
Propellant HTPB [17]
Second stage – L110
Height21.39 m (70.2 ft) [21]
Diameter4.0 m (13.1 ft) [17]
Empty mass9,000 kg (20,000 lb) [21]
Gross mass125,000 kg (276,000 lb) [21]
Propellant mass116,000 kg (256,000 lb) [21]
Powered by2 Vikas engines
Maximum thrust1,598 kN (163.0 tf) [17] [22] [23]
Specific impulse293 seconds (2.87 km/s) [17]
Burn time203 s [21]
Propellant UDMH / N2O4
Third stage – C25
Height13.545 m (44.44 ft) [17]
Diameter4.0 m (13.1 ft) [17]
Empty mass5,000 kg (11,000 lb) [21]
Gross mass33,000 kg (73,000 lb) [21]
Propellant mass28,000 kg (62,000 lb) [17]
Powered by1 CE-20
Maximum thrust186.36 kN (19.003 tf) [17]
Specific impulse442 seconds (4.33 km/s)
Burn time643 s [17]
Propellant LOX / LH2
[ edit on Wikidata

After several delays and a sub-orbital test flight on 18 December 2014, ISRO successfully conducted the first orbital test launch of LVM3 on 5 June 2017 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre. [24]

Total development cost of project was ₹2,962.78 crore (equivalent to ₹45 billion or US$560 million in 2023). [25] In June 2018, the Union Cabinet approved ₹4,338 crore (equivalent to ₹58 billion or US$730 million in 2023) to build 10 LVM3 rockets over a five-year period. [26]

The LVM3 has launched CARE, India's space capsule recovery experiment module, Chandrayaan-2 and Chandrayaan-3 , India's second and third lunar missions, and will be used to carry Gaganyaan, the first crewed mission under Indian Human Spaceflight Programme. In March 2022, UK-based global communication satellite provider OneWeb entered into an agreement with ISRO to launch OneWeb satellites aboard the LVM3 along with the PSLV, due to the launch services from Roscosmos being cut off, caused by the Russian invasion of Ukraine. [27] [28] [29] The first launch took place on 22 October 2022, injecting 36 satellites into Low Earth orbit.

Vehicle Description

LVM3-X Configuration

ISRO initially planned two launcher families, the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle for low Earth orbit and polar launches and the larger Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle for payloads to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). The vehicle was reconceptualized as a more powerful launcher as the ISRO mandate changed. This increase in size allowed the launch of heavier communication and multipurpose satellites, human-rating to launch crewed missions, and future interplanetary exploration. [30] Development of the LVM3 began in the early 2000s, with the first launch planned for 2009–2010. [31] [32] [33] The unsuccessful launch of GSLV D3, due to failure in the cryogenic upper stage, [33] delayed the LVM3 development program. [34] [35] The LVM3, while sharing a name with the GSLV, features different systems and components.

To manufacture the LVM3 in public–private partnership (PPP) mode, ISRO and NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) have started working on the project. To investigate possible PPP partnership opportunities for LVM3 production through the Indian private sector, NSIL has hired IIFCL Projects Limited (IPL). [36]

Specifications

First stage- 2 x S200 Strap-on
Length 25.75 m
Case Diameter 3.20 m
Nozzle Diameter 3.27 m
Propellent Solid- HTPB-based
Inert Mass 31,000 kg
Propellent Mass 205,000 kg
Launch Mass 236,000 kg
Case Material M250 Maraging Steel
Segments 3
Engine Type S200 LSB
Peak Thrust (SL) 5150 kN
Avg. Thrust (SL) 3578.2 kN
Specific Impulse (SL) 227 sec
Specific Impulse (Vac.) 274.5 sec
Maximum Pressure 56.92 bar
Average Pressure 39.90 bar
Control Flex Nozzle Gimbaling
Flex Nozzle Length 3.474 m
Throat Diameter 0.886 m
Area Ratio 12.1
Thrust Vector Control Hydro-Pneumatic Pistons
Vector Capability +/- 8°
Slew Rate 10°/sec
Actuator Load 294 kN
Burn Time 130 sec
Separation T+149 sec
Booster Separation Pyrotechnics, Jettison Motors
Second stage- L110
Length 21.39 m
Diameter 4.0 m
Propellent Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine
Oxidizer Nitrogen Tetroxide
Inert Mass 9000 kg
Propellent Mass 116,000 kg
Launch Mass 125,000 kg
Propellent Tanks Aluminium Alloy
Propellent Composition UH25 - 75% UDMH, 25% Diazane
Propulsion 2 x Vikas Engine
Thrust (SL) 756.5 kN
Thrust (Vac.) 839 kN
Specific Impulse 293 sec
Engine Dry Weight 900 kg
Engine Length 2.87 m
Engine Diameter 0.99 m
Chamber Pressure 58.5 bar
Mixture Ratio 1.7 (Ox/Fuel)
Turbopump Speed 10,000 rpm
Flow Rate 275 kg/sec
Area Ratio 13.88
Altitude Control Engine Gimbaling
Ignition T+110 sec
Burn Time 200 sec
Stage Separation Active/Passive Collets
Third stage- C25 CUS
Length 13.545 m
Diameter 4.0 m
Propellent Liquid Hydrogen
Oxidizer Liquid Oxygen
Inert Mass 5000 kg
Propellent Mass 28,000 kg
Launch Mass 33,000 kg
Propellent Tanks Aluminium Alloy
Propulsion 1 x CE-20
Engine Type Gas Generator
Thrust (Vac.) 200 kN
Operational Range 180-220 kN
Specific Impulse 443 sec
Engine Mass 588 kg
Chamber Pressure 60 bar
Mixture Ratio 5.05
Area Ratio 100
Thrust to Weight 34.7
Burn Time 643 sec
Guidance Inertial Platform, Closed Loop
Altitude Control 2 Vernier Engines
Restart Capability RCS for Coast Phase

S200 solid boosters

S200 Strap-on: Onboard Camera Footage

The first stage consists of two S200 solid motors, also known as Large Solid Boosters (LSB) attached to the core stage. Each booster is 3.2 metres (10 ft) wide, 25 metres (82 ft) long, and carries 207 tonnes (456,000 lb) of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) based propellant in three segments with casings made out of M250 maraging steel. The head-end segment contains 27,100 kg of propellant, the middle segment contains 97,380 kg and the nozzle-end segment is loaded with 82,210 kg of propellants. It is the largest solid-fuel booster after the SLS SRBs, the Space Shuttle SRBs and the Ariane 5 SRBs. The flex nozzles can be vectored up to ±8° by electro-hydraulic actuators with a capacity of 294 kilonewtons (66,000 lbf) using hydro-pneumatic pistons operating in blow-down mode by high pressure oil and nitrogen. The are used for vehicle control during the initial ascent phase. [37] [38] [39] Hydraulic fluid for operating these actuators is stored in an externally mounted cylindrical tank at the base of each booster. [40] These boosters burn for 130 seconds and produce an average thrust of 3,578.2 kilonewtons (804,400 lbf) and a peak thrust of 5,150 kilonewtons (1,160,000 lbf) each. The simultaneous separation from core stage occurs at T+149 seconds in a normal flight and is initiated using pyrotechnic separation devices and six small solid-fueled jettison motors located in the nose and aft segments of the boosters. [38] [18]

The first static fire test of the S200 solid rocket booster, ST-01, was conducted on 24 January 2010. [18] The booster fired for 130 seconds and had nominal performance throughout the burn. It generated a peak thrust of about 4,900 kN (1,100,000 lbf). [41] [19] A second static fire test, ST-02, was conducted on 4 September 2011. The booster fired for 140 seconds and again had nominal performance through the test. [42] A third test, ST-03, was conducted on 14 June 2015 to validate the changes from the sub-orbital test flight data. [43] [44]

L110 liquid core stage

L110 Stage at Stage Preparation Facility

The second stage, designated L110, is a liquid-fueled stage that is 21 metres (69 ft) tall and 4 metres (13 ft) wide, and contains 110 metric tons (240,000 lb) of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) and nitrogen tetroxide (N2O4). It is powered by two Vikas 2 engines, each generating 766 kilonewtons (172,000 lbf) thrust, giving a total thrust of 1,532 kilonewtons (344,000 lbf). [22] [23] The L110 is the first clustered liquid-fueled engine designed in India. The Vikas engines uses regenerative cooling, providing improved weight and specific impulse compared to earlier Indian rockets. [38] [45] Each Vikas engine can be individually gimbaled to control vehicle pitch, yaw and roll control. The L110 core stage ignites 114 seconds after liftoff and burns for 203 seconds. [38] [23] Since the L110 stage is air-lit, its engines need shielding during flight from the exhaust of the operating S200 boosters and reverse flow of gases by a 'nozzle closure system' which gets jettisoned prior to L110 ignition. [46]

ISRO conducted the first static test of the L110 core stage at its Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) test facility at Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu on 5 March 2010. The test was planned to last 200 seconds, but was terminated at 150 seconds after a leakage in a control system was detected. [47] A second static fire test for the full duration was conducted on 8 September 2010. [48]

C25 cryogenic upper stage

C25 Stage at Stage Preparation Facility

The cryogenic upper stage, designated C25, is 4 metres (13 ft) in diameter and 13.5 metres (44 ft) long, and contains 28 metric tons (62,000 lb) of propellant LOX and LH2, pressurized by helium stored in submerged bottles. [45] [49] It is powered by a single CE-20 engine, producing 200 kN (45,000 lbf) of thrust. CE-20 is the first cryogenic engine developed by India which uses a gas generator, as compared to the staged combustion engines used in GSLV. [50] In LVM3-M3 mission, a new white coloured C25 stage was introduced which has more environmental-friendly manufacturing processes, better insulation properties and the use of lightweight materials. [51] The stage also houses the flight computers and Redundant Strap Down Inertial Navigation System of the launch vehicle in its equipment bay. The digital control system of the launcher uses closed-loop guidance throughout the flight to ensure accurate injections of satellites into the target orbit. Communications system of the launch vehicle consisting of an S-Band system for telemetry downlink and a C-Band transponder that allows radar tracking and preliminary orbit determination are also mounted on the C25. The communications link is also used for range safety and flight termination that uses a dedicated system that is located on all stages of the vehicle and features separate avionics. [38]

The first static fire test of the C25 cryogenic stage was conducted on 25 January 2017 at the ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC) facility at Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu. The stage fired for a duration of 50 seconds and performed nominally. [52] A second static fire test for the full in-flight duration of 640 seconds was completed on 17 February 2017. [53] This test demonstrated consistency in engine performance along with its sub-systems, including the thrust chamber, gas generator, turbopumps and control components for the full duration. [53]

Payload fairing

Encapsulation of 36 OneWeb satellites

The CFRP composite payload fairing has a diameter of 5 metres (16 ft), a height of 10.75 metres (35.3 ft) and a payload volume of 110 cubic metres (3,900 cu ft). [17] It is manufactured by Coimbatore-based LMW Advanced Technology Centre. [54] After the first flight of the rocket with CARE module, the payload fairing was modified to an ogive shape, and the S200 booster nose cones and inter-tank structure were redesigned to have better aerodynamic performance. [55] The vehicle features a large fairing with a five-meter diameter to provide sufficient space even to large satellites and spacecraft. Separation of fairing in a nominal flight scenario occurs at approximately T+253 seconds and is accomplished by a linear piston cylinder separation and jettisoning mechanism (zip cord) spanning full length of PLF which is pyrotechnically initiated. The gas pressure generated by the zip cord expands a rubber below that pushes the piston and cylinder apart and thereby pushing the payload fairing halves laterally away from the launcher. The fairing is made of Aluminum alloy featuring acoustic absorption blankets. [38]

Variants and upgrades

Human-rating certification

Main articles: Gaganyaan and CE20

While the LVM3 is being human rated for Gaganyaan project, the rocket was always designed with potential human spaceflight applications in consideration. The maximum acceleration during ascent phase of flight was limited to 4 Gs for crew comfort and a 5-metre (16 ft) diameter payload fairing was used to be able to accommodate large modules like space station segments. [56]

Furthermore, a number of changes to make safety-critical subsystems reliable are planned for lower operating margins, redundancy, stringent qualification requirements, revaluation, and strengthening of components. [57] Avionics improvement will incorporate a Quad-redundant Navigation and Guidance Computer (NGC), Dual chain Telemetry & Telecommand Processor (TTCP) and an Integrated Health Monitoring System (LVHM). The launch vehicle will have the High Thrust Vikas engines (HTVE) of L110 core stage operating at a chamber pressure of 58.5 bar instead of 62 bar. Human rated S200 (HS200) boosters will operate at chamber pressure of 55.5 bar instead of 58.8 bar and its segment joints will have three O-rings each. Electro mechanical actuators and digital stage controllers will be employed in HS200, L110 and C25 stages. [58]

Mating with semi-cryogenic stage

Main article: SCE-200
SCE-200 Power Head Test Article

The L110 core stage in the LVM3 is planned to be replaced by the SC120, a kerolox stage powered by the SCE-200 engine [59] to increase its payload capacity to 7.5 metric tons (17,000 lb) to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). [60] The SCE-200 uses kerosene instead of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) as fuel and has a thrust of around 200 tonnes. Four such engines can be clustered in a rocket without strap on boosters to deliver up to 10 tonnes (22,000 lb) to GTO. [61] The first propellant tank for the SC120 was delivered in October 2021 by HAL. [62]

The SC120 powered version of LVM3 will not be used for the crewed mission of the Gaganyaan spacecraft. [63] [64] In September 2019, in an interview by AstrotalkUK, S. Somanath, director of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre claimed that the SCE-200 engine was ready to begin testing. As per an agreement between India and Ukraine signed in 2005, Ukraine was expected to test components of the SCE-200 engine, so an upgraded version of the LVM3 was not expected before 2022. [65] The SCE-200 engine is reported to be based on the Ukrainian RD-810, which itself is proposed for use on the Mayak family of launch vehicles. [66]

Induction of upgraded cryogenic stage

The C25 stage with nearly 25 t (55,000 lb) propellant load will be replaced by the C32, with a higher propellant load of 32 t (71,000 lb). The C32 stage will be re-startable and with uprated CE-20 engine. [67] Total mass of avionics will be brought down by using miniaturised components. [68] On 30 November 2020, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited delivered an aluminium alloy based cryogenic tank to ISRO. The tank has a capacity of 5,755 kg (12,688 lb) of fuel, and a volume of 89 m3 (3,100 cu ft). [69] [70]

On 9 November 2022, CE-20 cryogenic engine of upper stage was tested with an uprated thrust regime of 21.8 tonnes in November 2022. Along a suitable stage with additional propellant loading this could increase payload capacity of LVM3 to GTO by up to 450 kg (990 lb). [71] On 23 December 2022, CE-20 engine E9 was hot tested for 650 second duration. For the first 40 seconds of test, the engine was operated at 20.2 tonne thrust level, after this engine was operated at 20 tonne off-nominal zones and then for 435 seconds it was operated at 22.2 tonne thrust level. With this test, the 'E9' engine has been qualified for induction in flight. [72]

Notable missions

Flight X

Main article: Crew Module Atmospheric Reentry Expreiment
LVM3-X lifting off

The maiden flight of the LVM3 lifted off from the Second Launch Pad at the Satish Dhawan Space Center on 18 December 2014 at 04:00 UTC. [73] The test had functional boosters, a core stage but carried dummy upper stage whose LOX and LH₂ tanks were filled with LN₂ and GN₂ respectively for simulating weight. It also carried the Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment (CARE) that was tested on re-entry. [74]

Just over five minutes into the flight, the rocket ejected CARE at an altitude of 126 kilometres (78 mi), which then descended, controlled by its onboard reaction control system. During the test, CARE's heat shield experienced a peak temperature of around 1,000 °C (1,830 °F). ISRO downlinked launch telemetry during the ballistic coasting phase until the radio black-out to avoid data loss in the event of a failure. At an altitude of around 15 kilometres (9.3 mi), the module's apex cover separated and the parachutes were deployed. CARE splashed down in the Bay of Bengal near the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and was recovered successfully. [75] [76] [77] [78]

Chandrayaan

Main articles: Chandrayaan 2 and Chandrayaan 3

Following the failure of Phobos-Grunt mission of Roscosmos, it resulted in a complete review of technical aspects connected with the spacecraft, which were also slotted to be used in the proposed Russian lander for Chandrayaan-2. This delayed the lander from Russia and eventually Roscosmos declared its inability to meet up with the revised time of 2015 for its launch onboard an uprated GSLV rocket along with an Indian orbiter and rover. ISRO cancelled the Russian agreement and decided to go alone with its project with marginal changes. [79] [80]

On 22 July 2019, the LVM3 M1 (GSLV Mk.III M1) rocket lifted off with 3850 kg Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter-Lander composite and successfully injected it into a parking orbit of 169.7 x 45,475 km. This marked the first operational flight of LVM3 after two developmental flights. [81] The apogee of the earth parking orbit is about 6,000 km more than originally envisaged and thereby eliminated one of the seven earth-bound orbit raising manoeuvres. It was attributed to a 15 percentage increase in rocket performance. [82] [83] On 14 July 2023, the LVM3 M4 rocket successfully injected the 3900 kg Chandrayaan-3 composite to a parking orbit of 170 x 36,500 km. [84] On 15 November 2023, the Cryogenic Upper Stage ( C25) of the LVM3 M4 ( NORAD ID: 57321) made an uncontrolled re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere around 9:12 UTC. The impact point is predicted over the North Pacific Ocean and the final ground track did not pass over India. [85] [86] [87]

OneWeb

Main article: Eutelsat OneWeb
LVM3 M3 OneWeb India-2 Mission

On 21 March 2022, OneWeb announced that it had signed a launch agreement with United States launch provider SpaceX to launch the remaining 1st generation satellites on Falcon 9 rockets, with the first launch expected no earlier than summer 2022. [88] [89] On 20 April 2022 OneWeb announced a similar deal with NewSpace India Limited, the commercial arm of the Indian Space Research Organisation. [90] OneWeb satellites were deployed by LVM3 both on 22 October 2022 and 26 March 2023 [91] using a lightly modified version of the satellite dispenser previously used on Soyuz. [92] [93]

Post C25 Shut-off Phase Flight Profile

The first batch of 36 OneWeb Gen-1 satellites weighing a total of 5796 kg was launched onboard LVM3 M2 rocket codenamed OneWeb India-1 Mission on 22 October 2022 and the satellites were injected to a low earth orbit of 601 km altitude and 87.4° inclination on a sequential basis. This constituted the first commercial mission and the first multi-satellite mission to low earth orbit of the rocket, marking its entry to global commercial launch service market. The separation of satellites involved a unique maneuver of the cryogenic stage to undergo several re-orientation and velocity additions covering 9 phases spanning 75 minutes. [94] [95] On 26 March 2023, codenamed OneWeb India-2 Mission, the second batch of 36 satellites was launched onboard LVM3 M3 and injected to an altitude of 450 km with same inclination. The launch featured a white cryogenic stage which takes into account environmental-friendly manufacturing processes, better insulation properties and the use of lightweight materials. [96] [51]

Launch statistics

LVM3 currently have accumulated a total of 7 launches as of 19 July 2023. Of these, all 7 were successful. The cumulative success rate is 100%.

1
2
3
4
5
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
  •   Failure
  •   Partial failure
  •   Success
  •   Planned
Decade-wise summary of LVM3 launches
Decade Successful Partial success Failure Total
2010s 4 0 0 4 [97]
2020s 3 0 0 3 [98]
Total 7 0 0 7

Spacecraft Missions

Launch Log
Date/Time
( UTC)
 Payload Launch Site Regime Status
Flight Number Operator Function
Remarks
18 DEC 2014
4:00
 India CARE

3,775 kg (8,322 lb)

LP2 - SDSC SHAR Sub-orbital Success
LVM3 X ISRO Re-entry Module
Sub-orbital developmental test flight with a non-functional cryogenic stage. The CARE module separated from the launch vehicle at an intended altitude of 126 km at a speed of 5.3 km/s. The launch validated the ignition, performance and separation aspects of S200 and L110 stages. [99] [100] [101]
05 JUN 2017
11:58
 India GSAT-19

3,136 kg (6,914 lb)

LP2 - SDSC SHAR GTO Success
GSLV Mk.III D1 (LVM3 D1) INSAT Communication
First developmental test launch with an operational cryogenic engine. The satellite was successfully injected to a parking orbit of 170 x 35,975 km with 21.5° inclination. The launch featured an ogive fairing and slanted nose cones on S200 stages to improve aerodynamic performance. [102] [103] [104]
14 NOV 2018
11:38
 India GSAT-29

3,423 kg (7,546 lb)

LP2 - SDSC SHAR GTO Success
GSLV Mk.III D2 (LVM3 D2) INSAT Communication
Second developmental test flight in full operational configuration. The satellite was successfully injected to an elongated parking orbit of 190 x 35,975 km with 21.5° inclination. L110 core used upgraded High Thrust Vikas Engines (HTVE). Developmental test flights of the rocket has completed. [105] [106] [107]
22 JUL 2019
09:13
 India Chandrayaan-2

3,850 kg (8,490 lb)

LP2 - SDSC SHAR EPO Success
GSLV Mk.III M1 (LVM3 M1) ISRO Lunar Composite
First operational launch of the rocket and successfully injected a lunar Orbiter-Lander-Rover composite spacecraft to a parking orbit of 169.7 x 45,475 km. Chairman stated a 15 percentage increment in vehicle performance which eliminated one of the scheduled seven earth-bound orbit raising burns. [108] [109] [110]
22 OCT 2022
18:37
 United Kingdom 36 x OneWeb Gen-1

5,796 kg (12,778 lb)

LP2 - SDSC SHAR LEO Success
LVM3 M2 OneWeb Broadband Internet
First commercial launch of the rocket under NSIL and its first multi-satellite mission to low earth orbit of 601km. The cryogenic stage performed mulitple reorientation and velocity addition manuevers to sequentially dispose the satellites. The rocket made its entry to global commercial launch service market. [94] [111] [95]
26 MAR 2023
03:30
 United Kingdom 36 x OneWeb Gen-1

5,805 kg (12,798 lb)

LP2 - SDSC SHAR LEO Success
LVM3 M3 OneWeb Broadband Internet
Second batch of 36 OneWeb Gen-1 satellites launched successfully to low earth orbit of 450 km with 87.4° inclination. The launch featured a white cryogenic stage (C25) which has more environmental-friendly manufacturing processes, better insulation properties and the use of lightweight materials. [51] [96] [112]
14 JUL 2023
09:05
 India Chandrayaan-3

3,895 kg (8,587 lb)

LP2 - SDSC-SHAR EPO Success
LVM3 M4 ISRO Lunar Composite
The rocket successfully injected a lunar composite spacecraft of Propulsion Module-Lander-Rover into an elliptical parking orbit of 170 x 36,500 km. On 15 November, the Cryogenic Upper Stage of the rocket made an uncontrolled re-entry around 9:12 UTC over the North Pacific Ocean. [113] [114] [115]
Planned Launches
Q2 2024
 N/A NSIL Payload LP2 - SDSC SHAR Scheduled
LVM3 M5
Commercial launch under NSIL [116]
NET 2024

 India GSAT-22 LP2 - SDSC SHAR GTO Planned
INSAT Communication
[117]
NET 2026

 India Mars Orbiter Mission 2 LP2 - SDSC SHAR Planned
ISRO
[118] [119] [120]
NET 2028

 India Venus Orbiter Mission LP2 - SDSC SHAR Planned
ISRO
[121] [122] [123]
NET 2028

 India Chandrayaan-4 LP2 - SDSC SHAR Planned
ISRO
[124] [125] [126]

Human-Rated Missions

Launch Log
Date/Time
( UTC)
 Payload Launch Site Regime Status
Flight Number Operator Function
Remarks
Orbital Test Flight Launches
JUL 2024 [127]
 India G1 [128] LP2 - SDSC SHAR LEO Scheduled
HLVM3 ISRO
First orbital test flight of Gaganyaan module carrying Vyommitra. [129]
DEC 2024 [127]

 India G2 [128] LP2 - SDSC SHAR LEO Planned
HLVM3 ISRO
Second orbital test flight of Gaganyaan module. [129]
Mid 2025 [127]

 India G3 [128] LP2 - SDSC SHAR LEO Planned
HLVM3 ISRO
Third orbital test flight of Gaganyaan module. [130]
First Crewed Flight Launch
TBA India H1 [128] LP2 - SDSC SHAR LEO Planned
HLVM3 ISRO
First crewed flight of Gaganyaan module, carrying 1-3 Indian astronauts on a short orbital test flight. [131] [132] Launch mass is 7,800 kg (17,200 lb) with service module, capsule's mass is 3,735 kg (8,234 lb). [133] [65]

Gallery

See also

Notes

  1. ^ ISRO changed the name of GSLV Mk3 to LVM3 after the successful launch of LVM3-M2 mission. The rename was done to remove any ambiguity on the ability of the vehicle to put payloads in a particular orbit. [4] [3]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "LVM3". Indian Space Research Organisation. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  2. ^ "ISRO GSLV Mark-III renamed as LVM-3". HT Tech. 24 October 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  3. ^ a b "ISRO renames GSLV Mark-III as LVM-3". The Hindu. 23 October 2022.
  4. ^ "As it happened: ISRO successfully launches GSLV Mark-III". The Hindu. 17 December 2014. ISSN  0971-751X. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  5. ^ "'India masters rocket science': Here's why the new ISRO launch is special".
  6. ^ "Two international astronauts survive space scare. How well is India prepared?".
  7. ^ "Indian Space Research Organisation preparing for three more PSLV launches". The Hindu. 29 April 2011. ISSN  0971-751X. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  8. ^ Ramachandran, R. (22 January 2014). "GSLV MkIII, the next milestone". Frontline. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  9. ^ Sengupta, Rudraneil (5 June 2017). "Cryogenic rocket engine has been developed from scratch: Isro chief". LiveMint. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  10. ^ "India launches 'monster' rocket". BBC News. 5 June 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  11. ^ "OneWeb pays over Rs 1,000 cr to India for launching 72 satellites (Lead)". IANS. Archived from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
  12. ^ Faust, Jeff. "OneWeb launch sign of greater role for India in commercial launch market". Retrieved 24 October 2022.
  13. ^ a b "The first developmental flight of GSLV-Mk-III". Indian Space Research Organisation. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  14. ^ "GSLV MkIII-M1 Successfully Launches Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft - ISRO". www.isro.gov.in. ISRO. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
  15. ^ "GSLV MKIII". Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  16. ^ "Direct Trans-Lunar injection(TLI) payloads capacity of GSLV Mk-3 is around 3000 kg".
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "LVM3". Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  18. ^ a b c "ISRO Press Release: S200 First Static Test (S-200-ST-01)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  19. ^ a b "Isro successfully tests world's 3rd largest solid booster". dna. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  20. ^ "India to test world's third largest solid rocket booster". Science and Technology Section. The Hindu News Paper. 7 December 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g "GSLV Mark III-D1 / GSAT-19 Brochure". IRSO. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  22. ^ a b "Space Launch Report: LVM3 (GSLV Mk 3)". 22 July 2019. Archived from the original on 6 April 2022.{{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link)
  23. ^ a b c "L110 test to follow S200". IndianSpaceWeb. 4 January 2010. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  24. ^ "India's 'Bahubali' GSLV Mk III lifts less luggage than lighter rockets". The Economic Times. 16 June 2017. Archived from the original on 18 June 2017.
  25. ^ "Government of India, Department of Space; Lok Sabha Unstarred Question no.3713; GSLV MK-III" (PDF). 12 August 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2020.
  26. ^ "Government approves Rs 10,000-crore continuation programmes for PSLV, GSLV". The Economic Times. 7 June 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  27. ^ "OneWeb Suspends Launches from Baikonur as Repercussions from Russia's Invasion of Ukraine Grow". Retrieved 15 October 2022.
  28. ^ "OneWeb partners with Isro to launch satellites using GSLV-MKIII, PSLV". The Economic Times. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  29. ^ "NSIL/ISRO and OneWeb to collaborate for taking Digital Connectivity to every Corner of the World". OneWeb. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  30. ^ ISRO Not To Fly Living Being Before Actual Manned Space Mission: Official. NDTV Indo-Asian News Service. 14 September 2018.
  31. ^ "Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No.3713" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2020. The GSLV MkIII programme was initiated in 2002 as a heavy-lift launch vehicle to launch communications satellites weighing up to 4 tons into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) within a time frame of 7 years.
  32. ^ "Development of GSLV-Mk III approved". The Economic Times. 17 August 2002. ISSN  0013-0389. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  33. ^ a b "India's GSLV Mk-3 First Flight Pushed Back to April 2014". Sawfnews. 4 April 2013. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  34. ^ Pulakkat, Hari. "GSLV Mark III launch: Why ISRO's biggest challenge will be at the end of this month". The Economic Times. Retrieved 23 August 2022. Isro had gone through a difficult period a few years ago, when a launch of its GSLV Mark II failed. This failure had its impact on GSLV Mark III as well. "Because we had problems with Mark II," says Isro chairman Kiran Kumar, "we had to rework some facilities of Mark III for Mark II. So Mark III got slightly delayed."
  35. ^ "GSLV Mk-III to put India on top". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 23 August 2022. The failure of GSLV-D3 in 2010, where the first indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS) was flight-tested, impacted the C25 stage programme due to the priority assigned for the additional investigation tests and added qualification tests demanded on CUS engine systems.
  36. ^ "NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) and ISRO convene Stakeholders' Conference for manufacturing the Heaviest Launcher LVM-3 of ISRO, under a PPP partnership with Indian Industry to meet the emerging Global Launch Service market needs" (PDF). 19 January 2024.
  37. ^ "S200 solid booster development". Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  38. ^ a b c d e f "GSLV Mk. III Launch Vehicle Overview". Spaceflight 101. Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on 11 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  39. ^ N. Gopal Raj. "GSLV Mark III faces its first experimental flight". The Hindu.
  40. ^ "LVM3-CARE mission brochure" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  41. ^ "Successful static testing of Solid Propellant Booster Rocket Stage S200 for GSLV Mk III Launch Vehicle". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  42. ^ "Second Static Testing of Solid Propellant Booster Rocket Stage S200 for GSLV-Mk III Successfully Conducted". VSSC.gov.in. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  43. ^ "విజయవంతంగా భూస్థిర పరీక్ష". Sakshi. 15 June 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  44. ^ Staff Reporter (15 June 2015). "Static test of S200 motor successful". The Hindu. ISSN  0971-751X. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  45. ^ a b LVM3 Archived 25 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine ISRO 23 December 2014
  46. ^ "Nozzle closure system for gsLVM3 launch vehicle". ARMS 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  47. ^ "ISRO successfully conducts static testing of new age rocket". The Hindu. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  48. ^ "ISRO Press Release:Successful Static Testing of L 110 Liquid Core Stage of GSLV - Mk III". Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  49. ^ "Cryogenic Gas Bottle Development & Realization - Role of non-destructive evaluation" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  50. ^ "Why ISRO's New Engine and Mk III Rocket Are Reasons to Forget 1990 Cryogenic Scandal". TheWire. Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on 11 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  51. ^ a b c "ISRO's C25 cryogenic stage now sports white, ditches black; What's the science behind it?". wionews. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  52. ^ "ISRO Successfully Tests C25 Cryogenic Upper Stage of GSLV MkIII". Indian Space Research Organisation. Archived from the original on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  53. ^ a b "ISRO Successfully Tests its Cryogenic Stage (C25) for GSLV MkIII for the Flight Duration". Indian Space Research Organisation. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  54. ^ Bureau, The Hindu (2 April 2024). "LMW ATC hands over payload to ISRO for GSLV MK - III". The Hindu. ISSN  0971-751X. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  55. ^ Department of Space, Government of India. "Outcome Budget 2016-17" (PDF). isro.gov.in. Department of Space, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  56. ^ "2.8 2.8 The Next-Generation Launcher: GSLV-Mk III by S. Ramakrishnan". From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India's Space Journey. 15 December 2015. ISBN  9789351776895. Taking into account the LEO payload capability of up to 10 tonnes feasible with this vehicle, the payload fairing diameter was fixed as 5 metres to accommodate large modules like a space station segment or manned capsule. Incidentally, considering the possibility of future human space flight missions by India, the boost phase acceleration was capped at 4g, the standard human tolerance level accepted by spacefaring agencies.
  57. ^ S. Somanath (11 August 2021). PRL Ka Amrut Vyakhyaan-02, 'Reaching the sky: Indian Launch Vehicles' (video). Event occurs at 53:10–53:40. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021 – via YouTube.
  58. ^ "CSIR NAL Annual Report 2020-21" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2021. In addition, ATF also successfully completed the acoustic qualification of the Strap on Electro Mechanical Actuator Structure for the GSLV MKIII launcher. This would help in improving reliability and also provide advantages in payload capability in comparison with the Electro Hydraulic actuators used earlier.
  59. ^ Rajwi, Tiki (2 March 2015). "Semi-cryogenic Engine: ISRO Charting a Revised Plan". New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  60. ^ "ISRO developing heavy lift launch vehicles". The Hindu. 30 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  61. ^ "Ukraine to test components of a powerful Indian rocket engine". russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  62. ^ "HAL delivers 'heaviest' Semi-Cryogenic propellant tank to ISRO". The Economic Times. 7 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  63. ^ "The ISRO Tender Notice With Fascinating New Details of Gaganyaan". Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  64. ^ Singh, Surendra (28 January 2019). "GSLV Mk III: Isro eyes kerosene to boost GSLV Mk III's lifting power to 6 trillion". The Times of India. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  65. ^ a b "Episode 90 – An update on ISRO's activities with S Somanath and R Umamaheshwaran". AstrotalkUK. 24 October 2019. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  66. ^ "ISRO moves on, gears up to test semi-cryogenic engine in Ukraine". The Hindu. 19 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  67. ^ "Report No. 362, Demands for Grants (2022-2023) of the Department of Space (Demand No. 95)" (PDF). p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  68. ^ "ISRO working on reusable GSLV Mk-III launch vehicle". The Hindu. Chennai. 17 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  69. ^ "HAL delivers biggest ever cryogenic propellant tank to ISRO". The Financial Express. 30 November 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  70. ^ "HAL Delivers Biggest Ever Cryogenic Propellant Tank to ISRO". Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  71. ^ "Successful CE20 uprated Engine Hot Test with 21.8 T vacuum thrust". Indian Space Research Organisation. 9 November 2022. Archived from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  72. ^ "Successful CE-20 Engine Hot Test with 20t off-nominal & 22.2t vacuum thrust". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  73. ^ "India launches largest rocket and unmanned capsule". BBC. 8 December 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  74. ^ "ISRO inches closer to manned mission". The Times of India. 10 January 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014. We will be checking the crew capsule for all parameters.
  75. ^ "ISRO's unmanned crew module reaches Chennai". The Hindu. Wayback Machine. 21 December 2014. Archived from the original on 11 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  76. ^ As it happened: Isro's launch of India's heaviest rocket Times of India 18 December 2014
  77. ^ Sangeetha Kandavel (18 December 2014). "GSLV Mark III takes to the skies in test flight". The Hindu.
  78. ^ "Isro to test GSLV Mk-III, crew module on December 18". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  79. ^ "Chandrayaan-2: India to go it alone". The Hindu. 21 January 2013. ISSN  0971-751X. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  80. ^ "Chandrayaan-2". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  81. ^ "Chandrayaan-2". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  82. ^ Prasad, R. (25 July 2019). "Chandrayaan-2: GSLV Mark III-M1 vehicle reduces number of orbit-raising exercises, saves fuel". The Hindu. ISSN  0971-751X. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  83. ^ "Chandrayaan-2: Off to the moon". The Indian Express. 23 July 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  84. ^ updated, Elizabeth Howell last (10 July 2023). "Chandrayaan-3: A complete guide to India's third mission to the moon". Space.com. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  85. ^ "Technical details for satellite GSLV R/B". N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  86. ^ Bureau, The Hindu (15 November 2023). "Cryogenic upper stage of Chandrayaan-3's launch vehicle makes uncontrolled re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere". The Hindu. ISSN  0971-751X. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  87. ^ "Cryogenic upper stage LVM-3 that launched Chandrayaan-3 makes re-entry". The Times of India. 17 November 2023. ISSN  0971-8257. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  88. ^ "OneWeb agrees satellite programme with SpaceX". OneWeb. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  89. ^ Michael Sheetz [@thesheetztweetz] (21 March 2022). "On the sidelines of #SATShow, OneWeb senior advisor Ruth Pritchard-Kelly tells press that the "soonest" the first launch with SpaceX can happen "would be this summer." "But we don't know yet" a more specific timeframe" ( Tweet) – via Twitter.
  90. ^ "OneWeb agrees satellite launch programme with New Space India". OneWeb. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  91. ^ "Successful launch of 36 OneWeb Satellites with ISRO/NSIL marks key milestone to enable global connectivity". OneWeb. 27 March 2023. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  92. ^ Graham, William (22 October 2022). "OneWeb resumes launches with first commercial GSLV Mk.III". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  93. ^ U, Tejonmayam (23 October 2022). "Isro's heaviest rocket successfully places 36 OneWeb satellites into orbits". The Times of India. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  94. ^ a b "LVM3 M2 / OneWeb India-1 Mission". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  95. ^ a b OneWeb, India-1 Mission. "36-oneweb-satellites-successfully-launched-isro-nsil-sriharikota". Eutelsat OneWeb.{{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link)
  96. ^ a b "LVM3-M3 / OneWeb India-2 Mission". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  97. ^ "GSLV MkIII-D2 successfully launches GSAT-29". ISRO. Archived from the original on 14 November 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  98. ^ "ISRO launches LVM3-M3 OneWeb India-2 mission with 36 satellites; all you need to know". MINT. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  99. ^ "Crew module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment (CARE)". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  100. ^ "LVM-3/CARE Mission". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  101. ^ "The Space Review: India's heavy-lift rocket and crew module milestones: which is more important?". www.thespacereview.com. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  102. ^ "GSAT-19". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  103. ^ "GSAT-19 – GSLV Mk.III D1 | Spaceflight101". Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  104. ^ "India launches GSAT-19 from its new, heaviest rocket". The Economic Times. 5 June 2017. ISSN  0013-0389. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  105. ^ Desk, The Hindu Net (15 November 2018). "All you need to know about GSLV Mk III - D2/GSAT-29 Mission". The Hindu. ISSN  0971-751X. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  106. ^ "GSLV Mk III-D2 / GSAT-29 Mission". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  107. ^ "Successful Qualification of High Thrust Vikas Engine - ISRO". 9 July 2019. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  108. ^ "Chandrayaan-2: Off to the moon". The Indian Express. 23 July 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  109. ^ "GSLV-Mk III - M1 / Chandrayaan-2 Mission". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  110. ^ "GSLV MkIII-M1 Successfully Launches Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  111. ^ Kabir, Radifah (23 October 2022). "OneWeb India-1 Mission: ISRO's Heaviest Rocket Successfully Launches 36 Satellites Into Orbit". news.abplive.com. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  112. ^ India-2 Mission, OneWeb. "Successful-launch-36-oneweb-satellites-isronsil-marks-key-milestone-enable-global".{{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link)
  113. ^ "Chandrayaan-3". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  114. ^ Linganna, Girish (17 November 2023). "Uncharted Re-entry: Chandrayaan-3's rocket LVM3 M4's Cryogenic Stage's Uncontrolled Re-entry". Frontier India. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  115. ^ "Chandrayaan-3: India's historic Moon mission lifts off successfully". 13 July 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  116. ^ "Integrated Launch Manifesto for 2023-24 (Q4) & 2024-25". NSIL. 8 February 2024.
  117. ^ "Wayback Machine" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  118. ^ "Mangalyaan-2: ISRO working on the second mission to Mars nine years after MOM's success". Business Today. 2 October 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  119. ^ "Mangalyaan-2 Mission: ISRO to deploy 4 powerful payloads". HT Tech. 21 October 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  120. ^ "India once again sets sights on Mars, readies to launch Mangalyaan-2". WION. 2 October 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  121. ^ "All about Sukrayaan 1: ISRO's mission to Venus". Hindustan Times. 29 September 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  122. ^ ""Venus mission already configured...": ISRO chairman Somanath". The Times of India. 27 September 2023. ISSN  0971-8257. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  123. ^ "ISRO SYNERGISES NATIONAL EFFORTS TO STUDY PLANET VENUS". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  124. ^ "Chandrayaan-4: India's next moon mission which will be launched in 2 phases". The Times of India. ISSN  0971-8257. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  125. ^ "Chandrayaan-4 will be launched in two phases, both LVM-3, PSLV to be used". India Today. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  126. ^ "Chandrayaan-4 mission in 'process of developing', says ISRO chairman". The Economic Times. 10 April 2024. ISSN  0013-0389. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  127. ^ a b c "India's first space station unit is just 4 years ahead: ISRO chief S Somanath". www.onmanorama.com. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  128. ^ a b c d "Space Assigned Numbers Authority (SANA)". sanaregistry.org. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  129. ^ a b "Gaganyaan's First Test Abort Flight in May; Space Mission 'High Priority Activity', Lok Sabha Told". News18. 16 March 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  130. ^ "Prime Minister reviews readiness of Gaganyaan Mission". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  131. ^ "Gaganyaan: ISRO to Launch First Full-Scale Unmanned Mission in February Next Year". The New Indian Express. 23 April 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  132. ^ "India Launches Chandrayaan-2 Moon Mission". The New York Times. 22 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  133. ^ Indian Manned Spacecraft. Astronautix. 2014.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Launch Vehicle Mark III.
Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=LVM3&oldid=1220246950"