Turkey portal |
Physically bridging Europe and Asia, Turkey is a secular country that has historically pursued a Western-oriented foreign policy. [2] To this end, Turkey uses its global diplomatic network—the third most extensive—of 252 diplomatic and consular missions. [1] [3] [4]
Since the Cold War, Turkey's most important ally has been the United States, which shared Turkey's interest in containing Soviet expansion. [5] [6] In support of the United States, Turkey contributed personnel to the UN forces in the Korean War (1950–1953), joined NATO in 1952, recognized Israel in 1949 and has cooperated closely with it. [7]
Turkey's alliance with Israel during the Arab–Israeli conflict strained its relations with the Arab world, [8] and Iran, [2] and subsequently led to overt Syrian support for Palestinian and Armenian militant operations against Turkish diplomats abroad until 1990. [9] [10] [11]
Historically, the Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire and later Turkey balanced regional and global powers off against one another, forming alliances that best protected the interests of the incumbent regime. [12] The Soviet Union played a major role in supplying weapons to and financing Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's faction during the Turkish War of Independence but Turkey's followed a course of relative international isolation during the period of Atatürk's Reforms in 1920s and 1930s. International conferences gave Turkey full control of the strategic straits linking the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, through the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 and the Montreux Convention of 1936. [13]
In the late 1930s Nazi Germany made a major effort to promote anti-Soviet propaganda in Turkey and exerted economic pressure. Britain and France, eager to outmaneuver Germany, negotiated a tripartite treaty in 1939. They gave Turkey a line of credit to purchase war materials from the West and a loan to facilitate the purchase of commodities. [14] Afraid of threats from Germany and Russia, Turkey maintained neutrality. [15] It sold chrome—an important war material—to both sides. It was clear by 1944 that Germany would be defeated and the chrome sales to Germany stopped. [16] [17] [18]
After World War II Turkey sought closer relations with Western powers. It became a founding member of the United Nations in 1945, a recipient of Marshall Plan aid and a member of North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1952. European Union–Turkey relations warmed during the Cold War period and the post- Cold War period has seen a diversification of relations, with Turkey, at various moments, seeking to strengthen its regional presence in the Balkans, the Middle East and the Caucasus, as well as taking steps toward EU membership.
The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991, with which Turkey shares a common cultural, historic and linguistic heritage, allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into Central Asia. [19] The International Organization of Turkic Culture (TURKSOY) was established in 1993, and the Organization of Turkic States (OTS) was established in 2009. The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline, a multi-billion-dollar oil and natural gas pipeline that extends from Baku in Azerbaijan to the port of Ceyhan in Turkey, forms part of Turkey's foreign policy strategy to become an energy conduit from the Caspian Sea basin to Europe. Turkey sealed its land border with Armenia in a gesture of support to Azerbaijan (a Turkic state in the Caucasus region) during the First (1993) and Second (2020) Nagorno-Karabakh Wars, and it remains closed. [20] Armenia and Turkey started diplomatic talks in order to normalize the relationship between the two countries. The discussions include opening the closed borders and starting trade. Turkey and Armenia have also restarted commercial flights between the two countries. [21]
Under the AKP government (2003–), Turkey's economy has grown rapidly and the country's influence has grown in the Middle East based on a strategic depth doctrine, also called Neo-Ottomanism. [22] [23] Debate on Turkey's foreign relations is controversial both within Turkey itself and outside the country. In the West, there is a divide between those who are worried about Turkey's perceived movement away from the West toward a less democratic, more Islamic or more pro-Russian and pro-Chinese [24] orientation and those who do not see Turkey's changing political structure, growing regional power and relations with Russia as a threat. [25]
Despite being one of the first countries to recognize Armenia's independence, Turkey has never established formal diplomatic relations with Armenia. Turkey formerly had diplomatic relations with Cyprus, Syria and Taiwan.
List of countries which Turkey maintains diplomatic relations with:
# | Country | Date |
---|---|---|
1 | Russia | 31 August 1492 [26] |
2 | Austria | 1526 [27] |
3 | United Kingdom | 23 April 1583 [28] |
4 | Sweden | 1603 [29] |
5 | United States | 13 September 1831 [30] |
6 | Greece | 24 August 1833 [31] |
7 | Iran | 1835 [32] |
8 | Belgium | 4 April 1838 [33] |
9 | Portugal | 20 March 1843 [34] |
10 | Italy | 25 September 1856 [35] |
11 | Guatemala | 18 July 1874 [36] |
12 | Romania | 22 October 1878 [37] |
13 | Bulgaria | July 1879 [38] |
14 | Serbia | 1879 [39] |
15 | Switzerland | 1899 [40] |
16 | Norway | 31 December 1905 [41] |
17 | Afghanistan | 1 March 1921 [42] |
18 | France | 20 October 1921 [43] |
19 | Poland | 23 July 1923 [44] |
20 | Albania | 15 December 1923 [45] |
21 | Netherlands | 22 June 1924 [46] |
22 | Spain | 27 September 1924 [47] |
23 | Czech Republic | 11 October 1924 [48] |
24 | Finland | 9 December 1924 [49] |
25 | Denmark | 26 January 1925 [50] |
26 | Japan | March 1925 [51] |
27 | Egypt | 8 May 1925 [52] |
28 | Chile | 30 January 1926 [53] |
29 | Ethiopia | 30 January 1926 [54] |
30 | Argentina | 29 June 1926 [55] |
31 | Brazil | 8 September 1927 [56] |
32 | Iraq | 16 January 1928 [57] |
33 | Mexico | 12 July 1928 [58] |
34 | Saudi Arabia | 3 August 1929 [59] |
35 | Uruguay | 8 December 1933 [60] |
36 | Canada | 25 November 1943 [61] |
37 | Yemen | 4 March 1946 [62] |
38 | Lebanon | 8 March 1946 [63] |
— | Syria (suspended) | 8 March 1946 [63] |
39 | Haiti | 10 July 1946 [64] |
40 | Luxembourg | 10 July 1946 [65] |
41 | Hungary | 23 January 1947 [66] |
42 | Jordan | 31 March 1947 [67] |
43 | India | 15 August 1947 [68] |
44 | Pakistan | 30 November 1947 [69] |
45 | Sri Lanka | 4 February 1948 [70] |
46 | Philippines | 13 June 1949 [71] |
47 | Israel | January 1950 [72] |
48 | Honduras | 4 April 1950 [73] |
49 | Panama | 14 April 1950 [74] |
50 | Bolivia | 26 July 1950 [75] |
51 | Indonesia | 30 July 1950 [76] |
52 | Costa Rica | 21 September 1950 [77] |
53 | El Salvador | 21 September 1950 [78] |
54 | Nicaragua | 21 September 1950 [79] |
55 | Venezuela | 29 December 1950 [80] |
56 | Ireland | 2 October 1951 [81] |
57 | Dominican Republic | 28 November 1951 [82] |
58 | Germany | 21 June 1952 [83] |
59 | Cuba | 25 November 1952 [84] |
60 | Libya | 30 December 1952 [85] |
61 | Peru | 1952 [86] |
62 | Paraguay | 11 September 1953 [87] |
63 | Morocco | 17 April 1956 [88] |
64 | Tunisia | 1956 [89] |
65 | South Korea | 8 March 1957 [90] |
66 | Sudan | 20 July 1957 [91] |
67 | Iceland | 25 November 1957 [92] |
68 | Thailand | 12 May 1958 [93] |
69 | Laos | 20 June 1958 [94] |
70 | Liberia | 1 August 1958 [95] |
71 | Myanmar | 2 September 1958 [96] |
72 | Colombia | 10 April 1959 [97] |
73 | Ecuador | 11 December 1959 [98] |
— | Holy See | 25 January 1960 [99] |
— | Cyprus (suspended) | 18 August 1960 [100] |
74 | Nigeria | 16 February 1961 [101] |
75 | Cameroon | 11 October 1962 [102] [103] |
76 | Guinea | 11 October 1962 [103] |
77 | Nepal | 15 November 1962 [104] |
78 | Togo | 6 December 1962 [105] |
79 | Gabon | 1 February 1963 [106] |
80 | Mali | 17 April 1963 [107] |
81 | Algeria | 30 June 1963 [108] |
82 | Tanzania | 5 July 1963 [109] |
83 | Senegal | 17 October 1963 [110] |
84 | Kuwait | 10 January 1964 [111] |
85 | Malaysia | 17 June 1964 [112] |
86 | Ivory Coast | 14 July 1964 [113] |
87 | Somalia | 13 December 1965 [114] |
88 | Gambia | 1965 [115] |
89 | Niger | 30 March 1967 [116] |
90 | Malta | 10 October 1967 [117] |
91 | Kenya | 30 March 1968 [118] |
92 | Australia | April 1968 [119] |
93 | Singapore | 12 February 1969 [120] |
94 | Mongolia | 24 June 1969 [121] |
95 | Malawi | 4 August 1969 [122] |
96 | Uganda | 18 September 1969 [123] |
97 | Chad | 27 January 1970 [124] |
98 | Burkina Faso | 6 April 1970 [125] |
99 | Mauritania | 14 April 1970 [126] |
100 | Sierra Leone | 15 February 1971 [127] |
101 | Zambia | 25 February 1971 [128] |
102 | Jamaica | 30 March 1971 [129] |
103 | China | 4 August 1971 [130] |
104 | Trinidad and Tobago | 22 May 1972 [131] |
105 | Barbados | 20 September 1972 [132] |
106 | Qatar | 20 March 1973 [133] |
107 | United Arab Emirates | 21 March 1973 [134] |
108 | Bahrain | 12 April 1973 [135] |
109 | Guyana | 2 May 1973 [136] |
110 | Oman | 18 June 1973 [137] |
111 | Bangladesh | 22 February 1974 [138] |
112 | Benin | 29 March 1974 [139] |
113 | Bahamas | 5 November 1974 [140] |
114 | Grenada | 8 May 1975 [141] |
115 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 22 October 1975 [142] |
116 | Fiji | 17 November 1975 [143] |
117 | Tonga | 26 January 1976 [144] |
118 | Nauru | 27 April 1976 [145] |
119 | Suriname | 29 June 1976 [146] |
120 | Mauritius | 18 October 1976 [147] |
121 | Vietnam | 7 June 1978 [148] |
122 | New Zealand | 12 December 1978 [149] |
123 | Solomon Islands | 8 March 1979 [150] |
124 | Samoa | 12 April 1979 [151] |
125 | Maldives | 28 May 1979 [152] |
126 | Papua New Guinea | 30 May 1979 [153] |
127 | Cape Verde | 24 June 1979 [154] |
128 | Djibouti | 25 June 1979 [155] |
129 | Tuvalu | 19 July 1979 [156] |
130 | Comoros | 22 August 1979 [157] |
131 | Central African Republic | 29 January 1980 [158] |
132 | Rwanda | 18 February 1980 [159] |
133 | Burundi | 30 April 1980 [160] |
134 | Angola | 9 July 1980 [161] |
135 | Equatorial Guinea | 16 September 1980 [162] |
136 | Lesotho | 1980 [163] |
137 | Botswana | 20 January 1981 [164] |
138 | Eswatini | 20 January 1981 [165] |
139 | Mozambique | 20 January 1981 [166] |
140 | Republic of the Congo | 9 November 1981 [167] |
141 | Zimbabwe | 2 July 1982 [168] |
— | Northern Cyprus | 1983 [169] |
142 | Brunei | 27 June 1984 [170] |
143 | Belize | November 1987 [171] |
— | State of Palestine | 15 November 1988 [172] |
144 | Namibia | 27 March 1990 [173] |
145 | Lithuania | 3 September 1991 [174] |
146 | Latvia | 22 October 1991 [175] |
147 | Estonia | 23 October 1991 [176] |
148 | Kyrgyzstan | 23 December 1991 [177] |
149 | Azerbaijan | 14 January 1992 [178] |
150 | Tajikistan | 29 January 1992 [179] |
151 | Moldova | 3 February 1992 [180] |
152 | Turkmenistan | 29 February 1992 [181] |
153 | Kazakhstan | 2 March 1992 [182] |
154 | Ukraine | 3 March 1992 [183] |
155 | Uzbekistan | 4 March 1992 [184] |
156 | Belarus | 25 March 1992 [185] |
157 | Georgia | 21 May 1992 [186] |
158 | Croatia | 26 August 1992 [187] |
159 | North Macedonia | 26 August 1992 [188] |
160 | Slovenia | 26 August 1992 [189] |
161 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 29 August 1992 [190] |
162 | Liechtenstein | 2 October 1992 [191] |
163 | South Africa | 12 October 1992 [192] |
164 | Slovakia | 1 January 1993 [193] |
165 | Eritrea | 19 July 1993 [194] |
166 | Cambodia | 14 June 1994 [195] |
167 | Seychelles | 22 June 1995 [196] |
168 | Vanuatu | 14 July 1995 [197] |
169 | Andorra | 8 October 1998 [198] |
170 | Antigua and Barbuda | June 1999 [199] |
171 | North Korea | 27 June 2001 [200] |
172 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 4 April 2002 [201] |
173 | East Timor | 20 May 2002 [202] |
174 | Saint Lucia | 25 May 2005 [203] |
175 | San Marino | 12 October 2005 [204] |
176 | Dominica | 13 April 2006 [205] |
177 | Palau | 2 May 2006 [206] |
178 | Montenegro | 3 July 2006 [207] |
179 | Federated States of Micronesia | 6 December 2006 [208] |
— | Kosovo | 18 February 2008 [209] |
180 | Marshall Islands | 11 April 2008 [210] |
181 | Kiribati | 20 June 2008 [211] |
182 | Monaco | 16 September 2008 [212] |
— | Cook Islands | 20 October 2008 [213] |
183 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 3 June 2010 [214] |
184 | South Sudan | 9 July 2011 [215] |
185 | Bhutan | 26 September 2012 [216] |
— | Niue | 7 June 2014 [217] |
186 | Ghana | Unknown |
186 | Guinea-Bissau | Unknown |
187 | Madagascar | Unknown |
189 | São Tomé and Príncipe | Unknown |
Organization | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
European Union | See Turkey–European Union relations and Accession of Turkey to the European Union | |
NATO | See Turkey in NATO |
There has been a revival in Turkey's relation with Africa after 1998 and civil society is the leading factor in this process. [218] Initially this revival came as a passive attempt, but after 2005 it became an offensive interest in developing relations with the continent. The recent Turkey–Africa Cooperation Summit in 2008 marks the latest stage in Turkey's keen interest in developing relations with Africa, and should be seen as a turning point. [219] Turkey since its involvement in Somalia in 2011, is eager to be considered as a political actor in the continent. [220] [221]
Country/Region | Relations began | Notes | Free trade agreement |
---|---|---|---|
Algeria | See
Algeria–Turkey relations
|
X | |
Egypt | 8 May 1925 [225] | See
Egypt–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Libya | 30 December 1952 [231] | See
Libya–Turkey relations
|
X |
Mauritania | 14 April 1970 [126] | See
Mauritania–Turkey relations
|
X |
Morocco | 17 April 1956 [236] | See
Morocco–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Sudan | 20 July 1957 [91] | See Sudan–Turkey relations | X |
Tunisia | 1956 [239] | See Tunisia–Turkey relations | √ [230] |
Since 2008, Turkey has prioritized friendly relations with Africa partly to build friendly and conflict–free relations, which was not available in the hostile atmosphere in its neighborhood. [242] Capitalizing on a strong sentiment of fellowship among Turkish people towards Africans, economic and diplomatic relations with Africa flourished: Foreign trade between sub-Saharan Africa and Turkey increased from US$581 million [243] in 1998 to US$5.08 [244] billion in 2015.
Dating back to 1800, Turkey's relations with sub-Saharan Africa flourished from the 1860s—when the Ottoman Empire started sending trained imams to the region—until 1885 when other European colonial powers blocked Ottoman influence. [245] Relations were restored in the 1950s, [246] and gained momentum when Emperor Haile Selassie visited Turkey in March 1967 and December 1969. [247]
Since 2008, Turkey has contributed to the region through participation in peacekeeping missions, including the UN Mission in Ivory Coast (UNOC), the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Central African Republic, Chad. [248]
Turkey has also dramatically increased financial aid to the region, [243] providing a total of US$6.38 billion to the region just between 2006 and 2011 [249] including the 2011 donation of US$200 million to fight the famine in East Africa. [248]
Country/Region | Relations began | Notes | Free trade agreement |
---|---|---|---|
Angola | 9 July 1980 [250] | See Angola–Turkey relations | X |
Benin | 29 March 1974 [253] | See Benin–Turkey relations | X |
Botswana | 20 January 1981 [255] | X | |
Burkina Faso | 6 April 1970 [257] | See
Burkina Faso–Turkey relations
|
X |
Burundi | 30 April 1980 [259] | See Burundi–Turkey relations | X |
Cameroon | 9 August 1963 [261] | See Cameroon–Turkey relations | X |
Cape Verde | 24 June 1979 [263] | See
Cape Verde–Turkey relations
|
X |
Central African Republic | 18 February 1980 [265] | See
Central African Republic–Turkey relations
|
X |
Chad | 27 January 1970 [267] | See Chad–Turkey relations | X |
Comoros | 22 August 1979 [269] | See Comoros–Turkey relations
|
X |
Congo | 9 November 1981 [167] | See Republic of the Congo–Turkey relations | X |
Côte d'Ivoire | 14 July 1964 [113] | See Ivory Coast–Turkey relations | X |
Democratic Republic of Congo | 22 October 1975 [142] | See Democratic Republic of Congo–Turkey relations | X |
Djibouti | 25 June 1979 [155] | See Djibouti–Turkey relations | X |
Eritrea | 19 July 1993 [194] | See Eritrea–Turkey relations | X |
Equatorial Guinea | 16 September 1980 [162] | See Equatorial Guinea–Turkey relations | X |
Eswatini | 20 January 1981 [277] | X | |
Ethiopia | 30 January 1926, severed in 1936, re-established 23 December 1957 [279] | See Ethiopia–Turkey relations | X |
Gabon | 1 February 1963 [281] | See Gabon–Turkey relations | X |
Gambia | 1965 [115] | See Gambia–Turkey relations | X |
Ghana | See Ghana–Turkey relations | Pending Ratification [230] | |
Guinea | See Guinea–Turkey relations | X | |
Guinea Bissau | See
Guinea-Bissau–Turkey relations
|
X | |
Kenya | 30 March 1968 [118] | See Kenya–Turkey relations | X |
Lesotho | 1980 [163] | X | |
Liberia | 1 August 1958 [95] | See Liberia–Turkey relations | X |
Madagascar | See
Madagascar–Turkey relations
|
X | |
Mali | 17 April 1963 [290] | See Mali–Turkey relations | X |
Malawi | 4 August 1969 [122] | See Malawi–Turkey relations | X |
Mauritius | 18 October 1976 [147] | See
Mauritius–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Mozambique | 20 January 1981 [294] | See Mozambique–Turkey relations | X |
Namibia | 27 March 1990 [173] | See Namibia–Turkey relations | X |
Niger | 30 March 1967 [116] | See Niger–Turkey relations | X |
Nigeria | 16 February 1961 [298] | See Nigeria–Turkey relations | X |
Rwanda | 18 February 1980 [300] | See Rwanda–Turkey relations | X |
São Tomé and Príncipe |
|
X | |
Senegal | 17 October 1963 [303] | See Senegal–Turkey relations | X |
Seychelles | 22 June 1995 [305] | See
Seychelles–Turkey relations
|
X |
Sierra Leone | 15 February 1971 [127] | See Sierra Leone–Turkey relations | X |
Somalia | 13 December 1965 [114] | See Somalia–Turkey relations | X |
South Africa | 12 October 1992 [309] | See
South Africa–Turkey relations
|
X |
South Sudan | 9 July 2011 [215] | See South Sudan–Turkey relations | X |
Tanzania | 5 July 1963 [312] | See
Tanzania–Turkey relations
|
X |
Togo | 6 December 1962 [314] | See Togo–Turkey relations | X |
Uganda | 18 September 1969 [123] | See Turkey–Uganda relations | X |
Zambia | 25 February 1971 [128] | See Turkey–Zambia relations | X |
Zimbabwe | 2 July 1982 [168] | See Turkey–Zimbabwe relations | X |
Country/Region | Relations began | Notes | Free trade agreement |
---|---|---|---|
Argentina | 29 June 1926 [55] | See
Argentina–Turkey relations
|
X |
Chile | 30 January 1926 [53] | See
Chile–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Paraguay | 11 September 1953 [87] | See Paraguay–Turkey relations | X |
Uruguay | 8 December 1933 [60] | See Turkey–Uruguay relations | X |
Country | Relations began | Notes | Free trade agreement |
---|---|---|---|
Canada | 25 November 1943 [61] | See
Canada–Turkey relations
|
X |
Mexico | 12 July 1928 [58] | See
Mexico–Turkey relations
|
X |
United States | 13 September 1831, relations broke off 20 April 1917, re-established 17 February 1927 [328] | See
Turkey–United States relations
|
X |
Country/Region | Relations began | Notes | Free trade agreement |
---|---|---|---|
Antigua and Barbuda | June 1999 [199] |
|
X |
Bahamas | 5 November 1974 [140] | See
Bahamas–Turkey relations
|
X |
Barbados | 20 September 1972 [132] |
|
X |
Cuba | 25 November 1952 [84] | See Cuba–Turkey relations | X |
Dominica | 13 April 2006 [334] |
|
X |
Dominican Republic | 28 November 1951 [336] | See
Dominican Republic–Turkey relations
|
X |
Grenada | 8 May 1975 [141] |
|
X |
Haiti | 1950 [339] | See
Haiti–Turkey relations
|
X |
Jamaica | 30 March 1971 [129] | See Jamaica–Turkey relations | X |
St. Kitts and Nevis |
|
X | |
St. Lucia | 25 May 2005 [203] |
|
X |
St. Vincent and Grenadines | 4 April 2002 [343] | See
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–Turkey relations
|
X |
Trinidad and Tobago | 22 May 1972 [131] | See
Trinidad and Tobago–Turkey relations
|
X |
Country/Region | Relations began | Notes | Free trade agreement |
---|---|---|---|
Belize | November 1987 [346] | See Belize–Turkey relations
|
X |
Costa Rica | 21 September 1950 [77] | See Costa Rica–Turkey relations | X |
El Salvador | 21 September 1950 [78] |
|
X |
Guatemala | 1952 [350] | See Guatemala–Turkey relations | X |
Honduras | 4 April 1950 [73] |
|
X |
Nicaragua | 21 September 1950 [78] | See Nicaragua–Turkey relations | X |
Panama | 14 April 1950 [74] | See Panama–Turkey relations | X |
Country/Region | Relations began | Notes | Free trade agreement |
---|---|---|---|
Bolivia | 26 July 1950 [75] | See Bolivia–Turkey relations | X |
Brazil | 8 September 1927 [356] | See
Brazil–Turkey relations
|
X |
Colombia | 10 April 1959 [97] | See
Colombia–Turkey relations
|
X |
Ecuador | 11 December 1959 [359] [360] | See
Ecuador–Turkey relations
|
X |
Guyana | 2 May 1973 [136] |
|
X |
Peru | 1952 [363] | See Peru–Turkey relations | X |
Suriname | 29 June 1976 [365] | See
Suriname–Turkey relations
|
X |
Venezuela | 29 December 1950[ citation needed] | See Turkey–Venezuela relations | X |
Country/Region | Relations began | Notes | Free trade agreement |
---|---|---|---|
Azerbaijan | 14 Jan. 1992 [368] | See
Azerbaijan–Turkey relations
|
X |
Kazakhstan | 2 March 1992 [370] | See
Kazakhstan–Turkey relations
|
X |
Kyrgyzstan | 29 Jan. 1992 [372] | See
Kyrgyzstan–Turkey relations
|
X |
Turkmenistan | 29 Feb. 1992 [375] | See
Turkey–Turkmenistan relations
|
X |
Uzbekistan | 4 March 1992 [377] | See
Turkey–Uzbekistan relations
|
X |
Country/Region | Relations began | Notes | Free trade agreement |
---|---|---|---|
Afghanistan | 1 March 1921 [379] | See
Afghanistan–Turkey relations
|
X |
Australia | 1967 [381] | See
Australia–Turkey relations
|
X |
Bangladesh | See Bangladesh–Turkey relations | X | |
Bhutan | 26 September 2012 [385] | X | |
Brunei Darussalam | 27 June 1984 [388] | See
Brunei–Turkey relations
|
X |
Cambodia | 1959 [391] | See
Cambodia–Turkey relations
|
X |
China | 1971 [393] | See
China–Turkey relations
|
X |
Cook Islands | 28 Oct. 2008 [398] |
|
X |
East Timor | 20 May 2002 [399] | See
East Timor–Turkey relations
|
X |
Fiji | 17 Dec. 1975 [400] |
|
X |
India | 15 Aug. 1947 [68] | See
India–Turkey relations
|
X |
Indonesia | 1950 [402] | See
Indonesia–Turkey relations
|
X |
Japan | 1890 [405] | See
Japan–Turkey relations
|
X |
Kiribati | 2008 [409] | X | |
Laos | 1958 [410] | See Laos–Turkey relations | X |
Maldives | 1979 [412] | See
Maldives–Turkey relations
|
X |
Malaysia | 1964 [414] | See
Malaysia–Turkey relations
|
√ |
Marshall Islands | 9 April 2008 [416] | See Marshall Islands–Turkey relations
|
X |
Micronesia | 6 August 2007 [417] |
|
X |
Mongolia | 24 June 1969 [419] | See
Mongolia–Turkey relations
|
X |
Myanmar | 1958 [421] | See Myanmar–Turkey relations | X |
Nauru | X | ||
New Zealand | 12 December 1978 [424] | See
New Zealand–Turkey relations
|
X |
Niue | 7 June 2014 [427] |
|
X |
North Korea | 15 Jan. 2001 [428] | See
North Korea–Turkey relations
|
X |
Pakistan | 1947 [429] | See
Pakistan–Turkey relations
|
X |
Palau | 10 May 2007 [434] | X | |
Papua New Guinea | 30 May 1979 [435] |
|
X |
Philippines | 13 June 1949 [436] | See
Philippines–Turkey relations
|
X |
Samoa | 12 April 1979 [438] | See
Samoa–Turkey relations
|
X |
Singapore | 12 Feb. 1969 [439] | See
Singapore–Turkey relations
|
√ |
Solomon Islands | 8 Mar. 1979 [441] | See
Solomon Islands–Turkey relations
|
X |
South Korea | 11 Aug. 1949 [442] | See
South Korea–Turkey relations
|
√ |
Sri Lanka | 4 Feb. 1948 [444] | See Sri Lanka–Turkey relations | X |
Taiwan | Started in 1934, Ended in 1971 | See
Taiwan–Turkey relations
|
X |
Tajikistan | 29 Jan. 1992 [446] | See
Tajikistan–Turkey relations
|
X |
Thailand | 1958 [448] | See
Thailand–Turkey relations
|
X |
Tonga | 26 Jan. 1976 [450] | See
Tonga–Turkey relations
|
X |
Tuvalu | 19 July 1979 [451] |
|
X |
Vanuatu | 10 April 1987 [452] | X | |
Vietnam | 1978 [453] | See Turkey–Vietnam relations | X |
Country/Region | Relations began | Notes | Free trade agreement |
---|---|---|---|
Armenia | See
Armenia–Turkey relations
|
X | |
Bahrain | 12 April 1973 [455] | See Bahrain–Turkey relations | X |
Cyprus |
|
√ | |
Northern Cyprus | 1983 [169] |
|
Free Trade |
Georgia | 21 May 1992 [458] | See
Georgia–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Iran | 1835 [32] | See
Iran–Turkey relations
|
X |
Iraq | 16 January 1928 | See
Iraq–Turkey relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 January 1928 when has been accredited the first Iraqi ambassador to Turkey Salih Nishat. The first Turkish ambassador, Lütfi Tokay, also presented his letters of credence in Baghdad on 21 December 1929. [463]
|
X |
Kurdistan Region | 2001 | See Kurdistan Region–Turkey relations | |
Israel | See
Israel–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] | |
Jordan | 11 January 1947 [467] | See
Jordan–Turkey relations
|
X |
Kuwait | 10 January 1964 [470] | See
Kuwait–Turkey relations
|
X |
Lebanon | 8 March 1946 | See
Lebanon–Turkey relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1946. [472]
|
Pending Ratification [230] |
Oman | 18 June 1973 [474] | See Oman–Turkey relations | X |
Palestine | 15 Nov. 1988 [172] | See
Palestine–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Qatar | 20 March 1973 [133] | See
Qatar–Turkey relations
|
X |
Saudi Arabia | 3 August 1929 [59] | See
Saudi Arabia–Turkey relations
|
X |
Syria | 8 March 1946
(relations suspended 2011) |
See
Syria–Turkey relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1946. [472]
|
√ [230] |
United Arab Emirates | 1971 [483] | See Turkey–United Arab Emirates relations | X |
Yemen | 4 March 1946 [62] | See Turkey–Yemen relations | X |
Country/Region | Relations began | Notes | Free trade agreement |
---|---|---|---|
Albania | 15 December 1923 [486] | See
Albania–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Andorra | 8 Oct. 1998 [488] | √ [230] | |
Austria | 1526 [27] | See
Austria–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Belarus | 25 Mar. 1992 [494] | See
Belarus–Turkey relations
|
X |
Belgium | 1838 [497] | See
Belgium–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Bulgaria | 1908 [500] | See
Bulgaria–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 29 Aug. 1992 [505] | See
Bosnia and Herzegovina–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Croatia | 6 Aug. 1992 [507] | See
Croatia–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Czech Republic | 1924 [509] | See
Czech Republic–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Denmark | 1756 [511] | See
Denmark–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Estonia | 1924 [514] | See
Estonia–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Finland | 1924 [516] | See
Finland–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
France | 1483 [518] | See
France–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Germany | 1790 [526] | See
Germany–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Greece | 24 August 1833 [31] | See
Greece-Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Holy See | 1960 [548] | See
Holy See–Turkey relations
|
X |
Hungary | 1521 [549] | See
Hungary–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Iceland | 17 June 1944 [552] | See
Iceland–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Ireland | 2 October 1951 [554] | See
Ireland–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Italy | 25 September 1856 [35] | See
Italy–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Kosovo | 18 Feb. 2008 [561] | See
Kosovo–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Latvia | 1925 [563] | See
Latvia–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Liechtenstein | 2 October 1992 [191] | √ [230] | |
Lithuania | 1930 [567] | See
Lithuania–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Luxembourg | 10 July 1946 [569] | See
Luxembourg–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Malta | 10 October 1967 [572] | See Malta–Turkey relations | √ [230] |
Moldova | 3 Feb. 1992 [575] | See
Moldova–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Monaco | 1954 [579] | See Monaco–Turkey relations | √ [230] |
Montenegro | 3 July 2006 [580] | See
Montenegro–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Netherlands | 1612 [582] | See
Netherlands–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
North Macedonia | 26 Aug. 1992. [588] | See
North Macedonia–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Norway | 1926 [590] | See
Norway-Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Poland | 1414 [591] | See
Poland–Turkey relations
|
√
[230]
See also Polonezköy |
Portugal | 1843 [594] | See
Portugal–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Romania | 22 Oct. 1879 [597] | See
Romania–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Russia | 1699 [601] | See
Russia–Turkey relations
|
X |
Serbia | 1879 [607] | See
Serbia–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Slovakia | 1993 [610] | See
Slovakia–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Slovenia | 6 Feb. 1992 [612] | See Slovenia–Turkey relations | √ [230] |
Spain | 1782 [614] | See
Spain–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Sweden | 1603 [29] | See
Sweden–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Switzerland | 1899 [40] | See
Switzerland–Turkey relations
|
√ [230] |
Ukraine | 3 Feb. 1992 [623] | See
Turkey–Ukraine relations
|
Pending Ratification [626] |
United Kingdom | 1583 [627] | See
Turkey–United Kingdom relations
|
√ [230] |
Turkey is a founding member of the UN (1945), [630] the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1961), [631] the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (1969), [632] the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) (1973), [633] and the G20 industrial nations (1999). Turkey is a member state of the Council of Europe (1949) and NATO (1952) as well as being in full accession negotiations with the European Union since 2005, having been an associate member since 1963. Turkey was also an associate member of the Western European Union from 1992 to 2011, and signed the E.U. Customs Union agreement in 1995. [634]
Turkey entered NATO in 1952 and serves as the organization's vital eastern anchor, controlling the Turkish Straits which lead from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and sharing a border with Syria, Iraq, and Iran. A NATO headquarters is located in İzmir, and the United States has maintained air forces at the Incirlik Air Base in the province of Adana. [635]
Turkey is also a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 1995. It has signed free trade agreements with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Israel, and many other countries. In 1992, Turkey and 10 other regional nations formed the BSEC to expand regional trade and economic cooperation. In 2017, ASEAN-Turkey Sectoral Dialogue Partnership [636] was recognized by the 50th ASEAN Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Manila, Philippines. [637]
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Trade between our two countries can be dated centuries back. In 1756 Denmark and The Ottoman Empire signed a treaty on commerce and friendship, which paved the way for closer ties—both human and commercial—between our two people...
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This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.