a The total figure is merely a sum of all the referenced populations listed.
b No official statistics are kept on ethnicity. However, statistics of the Finnish population according to first language and citizenship are documented and available. c Finnish born population resident in Sweden. This figure likely includes all Finnish-born (regardless of ethnic background) and as such might be misleading.
d Swedish population with at least partial Finnish background.
Finns are traditionally divided into smaller regional groups that span several countries adjacent to Finland, both those who are native to these countries as well as those who have resettled. Some of these may be classified as separate ethnic groups, rather than subgroups of Finns. These include the
Kvens and
Forest Finns in
Norway, the
Tornedalians in
Sweden, and the
Ingrian Finns in Russia.
Finnish, the language spoken by Finns, is closely related to other
Balto-Finnic languages, e.g.
Estonian and
Karelian. The Finnic languages are a subgroup of the larger
Uralic family of languages, which also includes
Hungarian. These languages are markedly different from most other languages spoken in Europe, which belong to the
Indo-European family of languages. Native Finns can also be divided according to dialect into subgroups sometimes called heimo (
lit.'tribe'), although such divisions have become less important due to internal migration.
Today, there are approximately 6–7 million ethnic Finns and their descendants worldwide, with the majority of them living in their native Finland and the surrounding countries, namely
Sweden, Russia and Norway. An overseas
Finnish diaspora has long been established in the countries of the Americas and Oceania, with the population of primarily immigrant background, namely
Australia,
Canada,
New Zealand, Brazil, and the
United States.
The Finnish term for Finns is suomalaiset (
sing. suomalainen).
It is a matter of debate how best to designate the Finnish-speakers of Sweden, all of whom have migrated to Sweden from Finland. Terms used include Sweden Finns and Finnish Swedes, with a distinction almost always made between more recent Finnish immigrants, most of whom have arrived after
World War II, and
Tornedalians, who have lived along what is now the Swedish-Finnish border since the 15th century.[42] The term "Finn" occasionally also has the meaning "a member of a people speaking Finnish or a Finnic language".
Historical references to Northern Europe are scarce, and the names given to its peoples and geographic regions are obscure; therefore, the etymologies of the names are questionable. Such names as Fenni, Phinnoi, Finnum, and Skrithfinni / Scridefinnum appear in a few written texts starting from about two millennia ago in association with peoples located in a northern part of Europe, but the real meaning of these terms is debatable. It has been suggested that this non-
Uralic ethnonym is of
Germanic language origin and related to such words as
Old High German: finthan,
lit. 'find, notice';
Old English: fanthian,
lit. 'check, try'; and fendo (
Middle High German: vende) 'pedestrian, wanderer'.[43] Another etymological interpretation associates this ethnonym with fen in a more toponymical approach. Yet another theory postulates that the words Finn and Kvenare cognates. The Icelandic
Eddas and
Norse sagas (11th to 14th centuries), some of the oldest written sources probably originating from the closest proximity, use words like finnr and Finnas inconsistently. However, most of the time they seem to mean northern dwellers with a mobile life style. Current linguistic research supports the hypothesis of an etymological link between the Finnish and the Sami languages and other modern
Uralic languages. It also supports the hypothesis of a common etymological origin of the toponyms Sápmi (
Northern Sami for 'Lapland') and Suomi (
Finnish for 'Finland') and the Finnish and Sami names for the Finnish and Sami languages (suomi and saame). Current research has disproved older hypotheses about connections with the names Häme (Finnish for '
Tavastia')[43] and
Proto-Baltic*žeme /
Slavicземлꙗ(zemlja) meaning 'land'.[43][44] This research also supports the earlier hypothesis that the designation Suomi started out as the designation for Southwest Finland (
Finland Proper, Varsinais-Suomi) and later for their language and later for the whole area of modern Finland. But it is not known how, why, and when this occurred.
Petri Kallio had suggested that the name Suomi may bear even earlier Indo-European echoes with the original meaning of either "land" or "human",[45] but he has since disproved his hypothesis.[44]
The first known mention of Finns is in the
Old English poem
Widsith which was compiled in the 10th century, though its contents are believed to be older. Among the first written sources possibly designating western Finland as the land of Finns are also two
rune stones. One of these is in Söderby, Sweden, with the inscription finlont (
U 582), and the other is in
Gotland, a Swedish
island in the
Baltic Sea, with the inscription finlandi (
G 319 M) dating from the 11th century.[46]
As other Western Uralic and Baltic Finnic peoples, Finns originated between the
Volga,
Oka, and
Kama rivers in what is now Russia. The genetic basis of future Finns also emerged in this area.[48] There have been at least two noticeable waves of migration to the west by the ancestors of Finns. They began to move upstream of the
Dnieper and from there to the upper reaches of the
Väinäjoki (Daugava), from where they eventually moved along the river towards the
Baltic Sea in 1250–1000 BC. The second wave of migration brought the main group of ancestors of Finns from the Baltic Sea to the southwest coast of Finland in the 8th century BC.[49][50]
During the 80–100 generations of the migration, Finnish language changed its form, although it retained its
Finno-Ugric roots. Material culture also changed during the transition, although the Baltic Finnic culture that formed on the shores of the Baltic Sea constantly retained its roots in a way that distinguished it from its neighbors.[49][51]
Finnish material culture became independent of the wider Baltic Finnic culture in the 6th and 7th centuries, and by the turn of the 8th century the culture of metal objects that had prevailed in Finland had developed in its own way.[49][52] The same era can be considered to be broadly the date of the birth of the independent Finnish language, although its prehistory, like other Baltic Finnic languages, extends far into the past.[52]
Just as uncertain are the possible mediators and the timelines for the development of the Uralic majority language of the Finns. On the basis of comparative linguistics, it has been suggested that the separation of the
Finnic and the
Sami languages took place during the 2nd millennium BC, and that the
Proto-Uralic roots of the entire language group date from about the 6th to the 8th millennium BC. When the
Uralic languages were first spoken in the area of contemporary Finland is debated.[citation needed] It is thought that
Proto-Finnic (the proto-language of the
Finnic languages) was not spoken in modern Finland, because the maximum divergence of the daughter languages occurs in modern-day Estonia. Therefore, Finnish was already a separate language when arriving in Finland. Furthermore, the traditional Finnish lexicon has a large number of words (about one-third) without a known etymology, hinting at the existence of a disappeared
Paleo-European language; these include toponyms such as niemi, 'peninsula'.[citation needed] Because the Finnish language itself reached a written form only in the 16th century, little primary data remains of early Finnish life. For example, the origins of such cultural icons as the
sauna, and the
kantele (an instrument of the zither family) have remained rather obscure.[citation needed]
Livelihood
Agriculture supplemented by fishing and hunting has been the traditional livelihood among Finns.
Slash-and-burn agriculture was practiced in the forest-covered east by Eastern Finns up to the 19th century. Agriculture, along with the language, distinguishes Finns from the
Sámi, who retained the hunter-gatherer lifestyle longer and moved to coastal fishing and
reindeer herding.[citation needed] Following industrialization and modernization of Finland, most Finns were urbanized and employed in modern service and manufacturing occupations, with agriculture becoming a minor employer (see
Economy of Finland).
Religion
Christianity spread to Finland from the Medieval times onward and original native traditions of
Finnish paganism have become extinct. [citation needed]Finnish paganism combined various layers of Finnic, Norse, Germanic and Baltic paganism. Finnic Jumala was some sort of sky-god and is shared with Estonia. Belief of a thunder-god,
Ukko or
Perkele, may have Baltic origins.[citation needed] Elements had their own protectors, such as
Ahti for waterways and
Tapio for forests. Local animistic deities, haltia, which resemble Scandinavian
tomte, were also given offerings to, and
bear worship was also known.[citation needed]Finnish neopaganism, or suomenusko, attempts to revive these traditions.[citation needed]
Finns are traditionally assumed to originate from two different populations speaking different dialects of Proto-Finnic (kantasuomi). Thus, a division into Western Finnish and Eastern Finnish is made. Further, there are subgroups, traditionally called heimo,[54][55] according to dialects and local culture. Although ostensibly based on late
Iron Age settlement patterns, the heimos have been constructed according to dialect during the rise of
nationalism in the 19th century.
Sweden Finns (ruotsinsuomalaiset), Finnish minority in Sweden
The
historical provinces of Finland can be seen to approximate some of these divisions. The
regions of Finland, another remnant of a past governing system, can be seen to reflect a further manifestation of a local identity.
Journalist
Ilkka Malmberg [
fi] toured Finland in 1984 and looked into people's traditional and contemporary understanding of the heimos, listing them as follows: Tavastians (hämäläiset), Ostrobothnians (pohjalaiset), Lapland Finns (lappilaiset), Finns proper (varsinaissuomalaiset), Savonians (savolaiset), Kainuu Finns (kainuulaiset), and Finnish Karelians (karjalaiset).[57]
Today the importance of the tribal (heimo) identity generally depends on the region. It is strongest among the Karelians, Savonians and South Ostrobothnians.[58]
The
Sweden Finns are either native to Sweden or have emigrated from Finland to Sweden. An estimated 450,000 first- or second-generation immigrants from Finland live in Sweden, of which approximately half speak
Finnish. The majority moved from Finland to Sweden following the Second World War, contributing and taking advantage of the rapidly expanding
Swedish economy. This emigration peaked in 1970 and has been declining since. There is also
Meänkieli, a language developed in partial isolation from standard Finnish, spoken by three minorities,
Tornedalians,
Kvens and
Lantalaiset [
sv], in the border area of northern Sweden. The Finnish language as well as Meänkieli are recognized as
official minority languages in Sweden.
Genetics
The use of
mitochondrial "mtDNA" (female lineage) and
Y-chromosomal "Y-DNA" (male lineage) DNA-markers in tracing back the history of human populations has been gaining ground in ethnographic studies of Finnish people (e.g. the National Geographic Genographic Project[60] and the Suomi DNA-projekti.) The most common maternal haplogroup among Finns is
H, as 41.5% of Finnish women belong to it. One in four carry the
haplogroup U5.[61] It is estimated to be the oldest major mtDNA haplogroup in Europe and is found in the whole of Europe at a low frequency, but seems to be found in significantly higher levels among Finns,
Estonians and the
Sami people.[60] The older population of European
hunter-gatherers that lived across large parts of Europe before the early farmers appeared are outside the genetic variation of modern populations, but most similar to Finns.[62]
With regard to the Y-chromosome, the most common haplogroups of the Finns are
N1c (58–60.4%),
I1a (26.2–28%),
R1a (5–6%), and
R1b (3.5–4.9%).[63][64] N1c, which is found mainly in a few countries in Europe (Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia), is a subgroup of the
haplogroup N distributed across northern Eurasia and suggested to have entered Europe from Siberia.[65]
Finns are genetically closest to
Karelians, a fellow Balto-Finnic group.[66][61] Finns and Karelians form a cluster with another Balto-Finnic people, the
Veps.[67][61][68] They show relative affinity to Northern Russians as well,[69][67][70] who are known to be at least partially descended from Finno-Ugric-speakers who inhabited Northwestern Russia before the Slavs.[61][71]
When not compared to these groups, Finns have been found to cluster apart from their neighboring populations, forming outlier clusters.[72] They are shifted away from the cline that most Europeans belong to[73] towards geographically distant Uralic-speakers like the
Udmurts and
Mari (while remaining genetically distant from them as well).[74] Their distance from Western Europeans is about the same as their distance from
Komis.[69] The Balto-Finnic Estonians are among the genetically closest populations of Finns, but they are drawn towards the Lithuanians and Latvians.
Swedes, while being distinct from the Finns, are also closer to Finns than most European populations.[59][75][76]
Finns being an outlier population has to do with Finns having a homogenous and East Eurasian influenced gene pool.[72] Most Europeans can be modelled to have three ancestral components (hunter-gatherer, farmer and steppe), but this model does not work as such for some northeastern European populations, like the Finns and the Sami.[77] While their genome is still mostly European, they also have some additional East Asian ancestry (varies from 5 up to 10[78]–13[79] % in Finns). This component is most likely
Siberian-related, best represented by the north Siberian
Nganasans. The specific Siberian-like ancestry is suggested to have arrived in Northern Europe during the early
Iron Age, linked to the arrival of
Uralic languages.[61][77] Finns have high steppe or
Corded Ware culture-like admixture, and they have less farmer-related and more hunter-gatherer-related admixture than Scandinavians and Central Europeans.[80] Finns share more
identity-by-descent (IBD) segments with several other Uralic-speaking peoples, including groups like Estonians, the Sami and the geographically distant Komis and Nganasans, than with their Indo-European-speaking neighbours.[61]
Finns can be roughly divided into Western and Eastern (or Southwestern and Northeastern) Finnish sub-clusters, which in a fine-scale analysis contain more precise clusters that are consistent with traditional dialect areas.[81][80] When looking at the
fixation index (FST) values, the distance within Finns from different parts of the same country is exceptional in Europe. The distance between Western and Eastern Finns is higher than the distance between many European groups from different countries, such as the British people and Northern Germans.[59][82][80] This is also noticeable in the distances of Finns from other Europeans, as the isolation is even more profound in Eastern Finns than in Western Finns.[75] The division is related to the later settlement of Eastern Finland by a small number of Finns, who then experienced separate founder and bottleneck effects and genetic drift.[80][83] Eastern Finns also have a higher portion of autosomal Siberian admixture[80] and a higher frequency of the Y-haplogroup N1c (71.6%). While N1c is the most common haplogroup in Western Finland as well (53.8%), the haplogroup I1a is found more often there (30.9%) than it is in Eastern and Northern Finland (19%).[64] This suggests that there is an additional Western component in the Western Finnish gene pool.[84] Despite the differences, the IBS analysis points out that Western and Eastern Finns share overall a largely similar genetic foundation.[83][85]
Theories of the origins of Finns
In the 19th century, the Finnish researcher
Matthias Castrén prevailed with the theory that "the original home of Finns" was in west-central
Siberia.[86]
Until the 1970s, most linguists believed that Finns arrived in Finland as late as the first century AD. However, accumulating archaeological data suggests that the area of contemporary Finland had been inhabited continuously since the end of the
ice age, contrary to the earlier idea that the area had experienced long uninhabited intervals. The
hunter-gathererSámi were pushed into the more remote northern regions.[87]
A hugely controversial theory is so-called refugia. This was proposed in the 1990s by
Kalevi Wiik, a professor emeritus of
phonetics at the
University of Turku. According to this theory, Finno-Ugric speakers spread north as the
Ice age ended. They populated central and northern Europe, while
Basque speakers populated western Europe. As agriculture spread from the southeast into Europe, the Indo-European languages spread among the hunter-gatherers. In this process, both the hunter-gatherers speaking Finno-Ugric and those speaking Basque learned how to cultivate land and became Indo-Europeanized. According to Wiik, this is how the
Celtic,
Germanic,
Slavic, and
Baltic languages were formed. The linguistic ancestors of modern Finns did not switch their language due to their isolated location.[88] The main supporters of Wiik's theory are Professor Ago Künnap of the
University of Tartu, Professor Kyösti Julku of the
University of Oulu and Associate Professor Angela Marcantonio of the
University of Rome. Wiik has not presented his theories in peer-reviewed scientific publications. Many scholars in Finno-Ugrian studies have strongly criticized the theory. Professor Raimo Anttila, Petri Kallio and brothers Ante and Aslak Aikio have rejected Wiik's theory with strong words, hinting strongly to
pseudoscience, and even
alt-right political
biases among Wiik's supporters.[87][89] Moreover, some dismissed the entire idea of refugia, due to the existence even today of arctic and subarctic peoples. The most heated debate took place in the Finnish journal Kaltio during autumn 2002. Since then, the debate has calmed, each side retaining their positions.[90] Genotype analyses across the greater European genetic landscape have provided some credibility to the theory of the
Last Glacial Maximum refugia.[91][92][93][94][95] But this does not in any way corroborate or prove that these 'refugia' spoke Uralic/Finnic, as it belies wholly independent variables that are not necessarily coeval (i.e. language spreads and genetic expansions can occur independently, at different times and in different directions).
^East Karelians are generally considered to be a closely related but separate ethnic group from Finns, rather than a regional subgroup. Not only because of their Eastern Orthodox faith, but also because of their language and ethnic identity.
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cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
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