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India is a country with an ancient clothing design tradition, yet an emerging fashion industry. Though a handful of designers existed prior to the 1980s, the late 1980s and the 1990s saw a spurt of growth. This was the result of increasing exposure to global fashion and the economic boom the economic liberalization of the Indian economy in 1990. The following decades firmly established fashion as an industry across India.

History

Modern history

Post-independence focus on revival of traditional textile and design led to the rise of "ethnic chic".

The history of clothing in India dates back to ancient times, yet fashion is a new industry, as it was the traditional Indian clothing with regional variations, be it the sari, ghagra choli or dhoti, that remained popular until the early decades of post-independence India. [1] A common form of Indian fashion originates from Western culture. Fashion includes a series of sequins and gold thread to attract customers and apply a statement to the Indian fashion community. A famous Indian fashion trademark is embroidery, an art of sewing distinct thread patterns. A way to include the traditional look and create a new fashion statement includes embroidery applied to different dresses, skirts, shirts, and pants to reflect the western culture influence as well as include the Indian tradition.

As part of larger revival movement in the Indian textile industry, Ritu Kumar, a Kolkata-based designer and textile print-expert started working on reviving the traditional hand block printing techniques of Bengal, and making it a part of the fashion industry, established "ethnic chic". [2] She opened her first boutique in Delhi in 1966. In 1973, she first showcased the Zardozi embroidery in her garments, which had its origins in the royal costumes dating back to the Mughal era. This led to the revival of this lost art. In time embroidery became a prominent feature of Indian wedding attire, and also one of the country's biggest fashion exports. [3] [4] This was a period of revival, where various organisations, NGOs and individuals were involved in reviving traditional Indian techniques, in weaving, printing, dyeing or embroidery, including ikat, patola (double-ikat), bandhani (tie-dye) and shisha (mirror embroidery). [3]

An early trendsetter in fashion was Bollywood ( Hindi cinema), where costume designers like Bhanu Athaiya started experimenting with film fashion in the 1960s. Athaiya started working on period costumes in Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam (1962) and Amrapali (1966), though she went on to introduce varied trends through Teesri Manzil (1966), Chalte Chalte (1976), Karz (1980) and Chandni (1989). These were soon followed by the mass market. Also situations and themes in Indian cinema became westernised, making way for the display of diverse fashion. Over the years, popular Bollywood trends have been the Madhubala's Anarkali-look with kurtas and churidars in Mughal-e-Azam (1960), purple embroidered sari worn by Madhuri Dixit in Hum Aapke Hain Koun...! (1994), to Rani Mukherji's short kurti-suits in Bunty Aur Babli (2005), and chiffon sarees and trench coats in Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna (2006), Veer Zaara suits and blouses from Parineeta. This comes besides various fashion interpretations of the sari in films like Chandni (1989) with Sridevi, Main Hoon Na (2004) with Sushmita Sen and Dostana (2008) with Priyanka Chopra, which became fashion trends. [5] [6]

However, in recent decades, with increasing exposure to the West, its influence is no longer as strong as in previous decades. [5] By the 2000s, with rise in the Indian diaspora around the world and the non-resident Indians, Bollywood continues to exert far greater influence on the fashion sensibilities amongst Indians around the world. [7] [8]

1980s-1990s and fashion boom

By the early 1980s, the first generation of Indian fashion designers started cropping up, including Satya Paul. However, it was Rohit Khosla (1958–1994) who became a pioneer in the fashion industry, when he co-founded Ensemble" in 1987, with Tarun Tahiliani, Abu Jani-Sandeep Khosla and others. Though the "Anarkali-style" has been around ever since, it was first popularised after Mughal-e-Azam (1969). It was Abu Jani- Sandeep Khosla, who, inspired by costumes of Mughal courtesans and Meena Kumari's costumes in Pakeezah (1975), introduced the floor-length Anarkali-style of churidaar- kurta in 1988, which soon became the Indian version of the ball gown. [4]

In 1986, the Ministry of Textiles, Government of India opened the National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) in Delhi with the help of the Fashion Institute of Technology, New York. It played an important role in bringing in locally trained fashion designers. [9] By 2010, it had developed 15 branches across India, and smaller private fashion institutions had also developed. [10] Also in 1987, Tarun Tahiliani and his wife Shailja 'Sal' Tahiliani, founded Ensemble, India's first multi-designer boutique in Mumbai. [11] [12]

In 1990, economic liberalisation of the Indian economy took place, which also propelled the fashion industry. [3] In the following decade, the fashion industry experienced a boom, both in terms of volume and trends. Designer Suneet Varma, inspired by his corsetry- raining in France, introduced an indo-western, metal breast plate, followed by the "corset blouse" in 1992, made with satin, polyester taffeta or stretch lace. It was designed to replace the traditional choli, or Indian blouse worn with a sari. [4] In its early years, the 1980s, Indian design largely focused on haute couture; however, in the next decade, India saw a growth in the domestic retail industry, as well as an influx of outsourced garment business from the western countries. This meant better quality and larger manufacturing facilities available locally. Together, these reasons spurred many Indian designers to start their prêt-à-porter ( ready-to-wear) lines. [13]

"God-printed T-shirts" were introduced by Manish Arora in 1997, along with Indian kitsch and street art in saturated colors on fashionwear. [4] Another important reinvention was made in 1998 by Monisha Jaisingh, who shortened the traditional kurta to develop the Kurti, which became popular worldwide as the "Indian embroidered tunic". [4] Also in the same year, the Fashion Design Council of India was established, which later started the India Fashion Week in Delhi, to promote Indian designers and manufacturers. [10] In 2000, another Bollywood costume designer, Manish Malhotra, became an important influence on Indian fashion. Having designed the trendy looks for actresses Urmila Matondkar in Rangeela (1995) and Karisma Kapoor in Raja Hindustani (1996), he introduced the "cocktail sari" in 2000. Using pastel colors, and fabrics like chiffon, satin or net, it revived the traditional sari in a modern avatar. He was in turn inspired by the popular Bollywood saris of the 1960s and the chiffon saris worn by the actress in Yash Chopra films, like Chandni (1989). [4] This also started another era of Bollywood fashion influence and its collaboration with leading designers, besides leading actors and actresses occasionally walking the ramp for some designers. [6]

By 2009, the Indian fashion industry, despite the ongoing recession, was worth ₹2.9 billion (US$36 million). [14] Also in the same year, Manish Arora, known for his quirky- kitsch, became the first Indian designer to participate in Paris Fashion Week. [14]

2010 onwards – change in Indian Menswear fashion

Lakme Fashion Week's Gen Next programme has been helpful in giving a launch platforms for some of the newest and avant garde designers in this country. Fashion designers such as Antar Agni, Mr. Ajay Kumar, Bloni are some of the newest designers on the block. Mr. Ajay Kumar is one such designer who has revolutionised the way Indian men perceive fashion - introducing the signature print-on-print look for men. [15] He has brought colourful prints for men and with the likes of celebrities such as Ranveer Singh, Shahid Kapoor popularising such looks, men in India have become more experimental and flamboyant in their outlook. Antar Agni has introduced draped menswear which is quite popular amongst the new age men who want to experiment with silhouettes. [16]

Cities

Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai are important centers of fashion designing and manufacture in India, followed by Bangalore, Hyderabad, Pune and other large cities. Mumbai and Bangalore are the home of some of the top fashion rental services in India.

Fashion weeks

Fashion exhibitions

Noted fashion designers

In popular culture

The Indian fashion industry was the theme of the 2008 Hindi film, Fashion, written and directed by Madhur Bhandarkar, starring Priyanka Chopra and Kangana Ranaut as the leads. [19]

Academic research on Indian fashion

The Indian fashion industry as such remains academically understudied, even though there is research available on textiles, craft traditions and history of Indian dress. The only anthropological study of the Indian fashion industry, based on ethnographic research in Northern India, specifically New Delhi and Lucknow and dealing with both the worlds of luxury fashion designers and the worlds of craftspeople and workers in the industry, is Tereza Kuldova's work Luxury Indian Fashion: A Social Critique, published by Bloomsbury in 2016. [20]

See also

References

  1. ^ Tom Tierney (2013). Fashions from India. Courier Dover Publications. p. 3. ISBN  978-0-486-43040-9.
  2. ^ Christopher Breward; David Gilbert (2006). Fashion's World Cities. Berg. pp. 220–. ISBN  978-1-84520-413-6.
  3. ^ a b c Linda, p. 551
  4. ^ a b c d e f Yashica Dutt (July 26, 2013). "Indian fashion's greatest hits". Hindustan Times, Brunch. Archived from the original on 3 August 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  5. ^ a b "Bollywood influence on fashion trends waning? : Style File". India Today. November 23, 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  6. ^ a b "Bollywood: The fashion guru". The Economic Times. 4 Jul 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  7. ^ Suman Gupta; Tope Omoniyi (2007). The Cultures of Economic Migration: International Perspectives. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 202. ISBN  978-1-4094-9093-7.
  8. ^ "The West embraces Bollywood's influences more than ever". The National. Apr 10, 2012. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  9. ^ New Fashion School in India Draws From a Rich Heritage, by Barbara Crossette, The New York Times, June 21, 1989.
  10. ^ a b Linda, p. 553
  11. ^ Chitra Papnai (November 14, 2010). "Lord of the ramp". The Telegraph (India). Archived from the original on November 23, 2010. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
  12. ^ "The Couple Who Took Fashion Off The Street". Business Standard. October 18, 1997. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
  13. ^ Linda, p. 555
  14. ^ a b "Indian fashion industry going innovative to survive recession's onslaught". The Economic Times. Jul 25, 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  15. ^ "Lakme Fashion Week". Retrieved 11 August 2019.
  16. ^ "20 years of Gen Next at Lakme Fashion Week". Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  17. ^ "Jewellery trends by Poonam Soni for 2015". Mid-Day.com. Mid_Day. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  18. ^ "Soha Ali Khan speaks about wanderlust at India Runway Week".
  19. ^ Kazmi, Nikhat (31 October 2008). "Fashion Review". The Times of India. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
  20. ^ Kuldova, Tereza (24 March 2016). Luxury Indian Fashion: A Social Critique. London: Bloomsbury. p. 224. ISBN  9781474220934. Retrieved 16 February 2016.

Bibliography

External links

Media related to Fashion of India at Wikimedia Commons

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