Indonesian orthography refers to the official spelling system used in the
Indonesian language. The current system uses the
Latin alphabet and is called Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan (EYD), commonly translated as Enhanced Spelling, Perfected Spelling or Improved Spelling.[1][2][3][4]
History
The Perfected Spelling system is a system of orthography released in 1972 to replace the preexisting
Republican Spelling System (RSS, also called the Soewandi Spelling System, SSS). A joint initiative of Indonesia and neighboring country
Malaysia (which also introduced the similar
Joint Rumi Spelling system), the aim of the change in 1972 was to introduce greater harmonization of the
Indonesian and Malay-language orthographies. The new EYD system, adopted on the 27th anniversary of Indonesia's independence on 17 August 1972, was decreed by President
Suharto on the previous day.[5] Government departments were instructed to begin using the EYD system on 1 January 1973. On 27 August 1975, the
Minister of Education and Culture issued a decree which provided a detailed explanation of the changes in the new system and marked the official use of the EYD system.[6] It was formerly known as the Indonesian Spelling System (Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia, EBI), often referred to as the Indonesian Spelling System General Guidelines (Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia, PUEBI), between 2015 and 2022.[3]
The writing of di- and ke- (affixes) can be distinguished from di and ke (prepositions), where di- and ke- are written together with the words that follow it, for example diambil, kehendak (taken, desire), while di and ke are written separately with the words that follow it, for example di rumah, ke pasar (at home, to the market). This is different from the former Republican Spelling, where both di- and di are written together with the words following it.[7]
Reduplication
Reduplication, mostly used in plural form of words, has to be fully written with letters, so the use of the
superscripted number "2" as used in the Republican Spelling is no longer valid.[7] The practice remains common in informal usage such as in text messaging.
Republican
EYD
English meaning
anak2
anak-anak
children
ber-main2
bermain-main
playing around
ke-barat2-an
kebarat-baratan
westernized
Exceptions
Exceptions mostly come from proper nouns. Many personal names, particularly of younger people, do not follow the orthographic rules (see
Indonesian names). The common spelling variations include doubled letters,
silenth following consonants,
use of Dutch digraphs (which stems from
Van Ophuijsen spelling)[10] and other eccentric letters.[11] However, a few may also come from other parts of speech, such as Indonesian mag 'gastritis' is actually pronounced as [max] or even [mah], deriving from Dutch maag.
Changes
Various minor changes were announced after 1975:
On 9 September 1987, the Minister of Education and Culture issued a ministerial decree[12] which updated the previous spelling system and which remained valid for 22 years.
On 31 July 2009, the Minister of National Education issued a decree outlining further changes.[13] The update included optional
diacritics for ⟨e⟩ as ⟨é⟩ [
e] and ⟨e⟩ [
ə].
On 26 November 2015, the Minister of Education and Culture issue a ministerial regulation about spelling system.[14] For the first time, the term "Indonesian spelling system" was used. There were only minor changes compared to previous updates including the addition of a new
diphthong of ⟨ei⟩ (previously there were only 3 diphthongs, ⟨ai⟩, ⟨au⟩ and ⟨oi⟩), optional
diacritics for ⟨e⟩ as ⟨é⟩ [
e], ⟨è⟩ [
ɛ], and ⟨ê⟩ [
ə], and new rules on the usage of bold letters (abolishment the usage of bold letter for lemma entries in dictionary).
On 16 August 2022, in time for the spelling system's fiftieth anniversary, new update for the spelling system was issued.[15] It restored the "Perfected Spelling of the Indonesian Language" (Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan) term. Like the previous update, it also introduced minor changes: among others, it introduced the
monophthong ⟨eu⟩ [
ɘ], mostly used in loanwords from
Acehnese and
Sundanese, reaffirming the use of optional
diacritics ⟨ê⟩ [
ə], and limited the use of
number words to singular numbers.[15]
^"Surat Keputusan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan RI Nomor: 0196/U/1975 tentang Peresmian Berlakunya "Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan" dan "Pedoman Umum Pembentukan Istilah" di Seluruh Indonesia" [General Guidelines for the Enhanced Indonesian Spelling System].
Ministerial Decree No. 0196/U/1975 of 1975 (in Indonesian). Minister of Education and Culture.
^
abcdTasai, S Amran and E. Zaenal Arifin (2000). Cermat Berbahasa Indonesia: Untuk Perguruan Tinggi.
^"Kepmendikbud RI No. 0543a/u/1987 Tentang Penyempurnaan Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan".
Ministerial Decree No. 0543a/U/1987 of 1987 (in Indonesian). Minister of Education and Culture.
^"Permendiknas No. 46 Tahun 2009 Tentang Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan".
Ministerial Decree No. 46 of 2009(PDF) (in Indonesian). Minister of National Education.
^"Permendikbud Nomor 50 Tahun 2015 Tentang Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia".
Ministerial Decree No. 50 of 2015(PDF) (in Indonesian). Minister of Education and Culture.