Emperor Ōjin (応神天皇, Ōjin-tennō), also known as Hondawake no Mikoto (誉田別尊) (alternatively spelled 譽田別命, 誉田別命, 品陀和気命, 譽田分命, 誉田別尊, 品陀別命) or Homuta no Sumeramikoto (譽田天皇), was the 15th (possibly legendary)
Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional
order of succession.[3][4] Both the Kojiki, and the Nihon Shoki (collectively known as the Kiki) record events that took place during Ōjin's alleged lifetime. Ōjin is traditionally listed as the first emperor of the
Kofun period, and is primarily known for being the
controversial son of
Empress Jingū. Historians have mixed views on his factual existence, if Ōjin was indeed a historical figure then it's assumed he reigned much later than he is attested.
No firm dates can be assigned to Ōjin's life or reign, but he is traditionally considered to have reigned from 270 to 310.[5] According to the
Shinto religion and
Buddhism in Japan, Emperor Ōjin is the divine spirit of the deity
Hachiman (八幡神). While the location of Ōjin's grave (if any) is unknown, he is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto tomb. Modern historians have come to the conclusion that the title of "Emperor" and the name "Ōjin" was used by later generations to describe this possibly legendary Emperor.
Legendary narrative
The Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, and a mausoleum (misasagi) for Ōjin is currently maintained. The following information available is taken from the
pseudo-historicalKojiki and Nihon Shoki, which are collectively known as Kiki (記紀) or Japanese chronicles. These chronicles include legends and myths, as well as potential historical facts that have since been
exaggerated and/or distorted over time. The circumstances surrounding the future emperor's birth are
controversial as they involve a supposed invasion of the
Korean Peninsula as well as a biologically-impossible gestation period (3 years). It is said by the Kiki that Ōjin was conceived but unborn when his father
Emperor Chūai died.
Empress Jingū then became a de facto ruler who allegedly invaded a "promised land" (
Korea) out of revenge, then returned three years later to the Japanese mainland to give birth. The records state that Ōjin was born to
Empress Jingū in
Tsukushi Province sometime in 201 AD, and was given the name Homutawake (誉田別尊). He became the crown prince at the age of four, but was not crowned Emperor until 270 AD at the age of 70. Emperor Ōjin supposedly lived in two palaces which are now located in present-day
Osaka. His reign lasted 40 years until his death in 310 AD, in all he fathered 28 children with one spouse and ten consorts. His fourth son Ōosazaki was later enthroned as the
next emperor in 313 AD.[6]
Known information
While the historical existence of Emperor Ōjin is debated among historians, there is a general consensus that he was "probably real". There is also an agreement that Ojin's three year conception period is mythical and symbolic, rather than realistic.
William George Aston has suggested that this can be interpreted as a period of less than nine months containing three "years" (some seasons), e.g. three
harvests.[7] If Ōjin was an actual historical figure then historians have proposed that he ruled later than attested.[8][9][10] Dates of his actual reign have been proposed to be as early as 370 to 390 AD, to as late as the early 5th century AD.[8] At least one Japanese historian has cast doubt on this theory though, by revising a supporting statement given in 1972. In this new narrative Louis Perez states: "only kings and emperors after the reign of Ojin... ...are seen as historical figures".[11][12] In either case there is also no evidence to suggest that the title tennō was used during the time to which Ōjin's reign has been assigned. It is certainly possible that he was a chieftain or local clan leader, and that the polity he ruled would have only encompassed a small portion of modern-day Japan. The name Ōjin-tennō was more than likely assigned to him
posthumously by later generations.[13]
While the actual site of Ōjin's
grave is not known, this regent is traditionally venerated at a kofun-type Imperial tomb in
Osaka. The
Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Ōjin's
mausoleum, and is formally named Eega no Mofushi no oka no misasagi.[14] At some point Ōjin was made a guardian
Kami of the
Hata clan, and is now also deified as
Hachiman Daimyōjin.[b] Outside of the Kiki, the reign of
Emperor Kinmei[c] (
c. 509 – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography has been able to assign verifiable dates.[16] The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of
Emperor Kanmu[d] between 737 and 806 AD.[17]
Family
Emperor Ōjin's family allegedly consisted of 28 children, which include 2 unnamed princesses from a previous marriage. He had one spouse who bore him a son that would become the next Emperor, as well as 10 consorts.
Spouse & concubines
Position
Name
Father
Issue
Kōgō
Nakatsu-hime (仲姫命)
Homudamawaka
• Princess Arata • Prince Netori • Prince Ōosazaki[e] (later
Emperor Nintoku)
Consort
Takakiiri-hime (高城入姫命)
Homudamawaka
• Prince Izanomawaka • Princess Komukuta • Prince Nukata no Ōnakatsuhiko • Princess Ohara • Prince Ōyamamori
Consort
Oto-hime (弟姫命)
Homudamawaka
• Princess Ahe • Princess Awaji no Mihara • Princess Ki no Uno • Princess Mino no Iratsume • Princess Shigehara
Consort
Miyanushiyaka-hime (宮主宅媛)
Wani no Hifure no Omi
• Princess Metori • Prince Uji no Wakiiratsuko • Princess Yata
Consort
Onabe-hime (小甂媛)
Wani no Hifure no Omi
• Princess Uji no Wakiiratsu-hime
Consort
Okinaga Mawakanakatsu-hime (息長真若中比売)
Kawamata Nakatsuhiko
• Prince Wakanuke no Futamata
Consort
Ito-hime (糸媛)
Sakuraitabe no Muraji Shimatarine
• Prince Hayabusawake
Consort
Himuka no Izumi no Naga-hime (日向泉長媛)
Unknown
• Princess Hatabi no Wakairatsume • Prince Ōhae • Prince Ohae
^Jingū's reign as Empress is now confined to legends rather than fact. Modern historians have labeled her as an "Empress regent", who was the de facto ruler until Homutawake (Ōjin) became emperor.
^Ōjin's Hachiman name is translated to "Guardian of warriors"
^It is only known that "Ōosazaki" was the Fourth son of Emperor Ōjin. No mention is given about a numerical order of sons or daughters other than this historical footnote.
^Additionally, there are 2 more unnamed princesses speculated to be Prince "Wakanuke no Futamata"s daughters.
^
abTitsingh, Isaac. (1834).
Nihon Ōdai Ichiran (in French). Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 19–22, 34–36.
^Hoye, Timothy. (1999).
Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds. Prentice Hall. p. 78.
ISBN9780132712897. According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.