Eastern Romance comprises
Romanian (or Daco-Romanian),
Aromanian,
Megleno-Romanian and
Istro-Romanian, according to the most widely accepted classification of the Romance languages.[1][10][11][12][13] The four languages sometimes labelled as dialects of Romanian[1]—developed from a common ancestor[13] mostly referred as
Common Romanian.[14] They are surrounded by non-Romance languages.[15]Judaeo-Spanish (or Ladino) is also spoken in the Balkan Peninsula, but it is rarely listed among the other Romance languages of the region because it is rather an
Iberian Romance language that developed as a Jewish dialect of
Old Spanish in the far west of Europe, and it only began to be spoken widely in the Balkans after the influx of Ladino-speaking refugees into the
Ottoman Empire in the 16th century.[12]
Internal classification
Within the
Glottolog database, the languages are classified as follows:[16]
Peter R. Petrucci, by contrast, states that Common Romanian had developed into two major dialects by the 10th century, and that Daco-Romanian and Istro-Romanian are descended from the northern dialect, while Megleno-Romanian and Aromanian are descended from the southern dialect.[17]
Samples of Eastern Romance languages
Note: the lexicon used below is not universally recognized.
^Dănilă, Ioan (2007),
"Istroromâna în viziunea lui Traian Cantemir", The Proceedings of the "European Integration – Between Tradition and Modernity" Congress [Istro-Romanian in the vision of Traian Cantemir] (in Romanian), vol. 2, pp. 224–231,
archived from the original on 2019-07-25, retrieved 2019-09-01 – via diacronia.ro
Agard, Frederick Browning (1984). A Course in Romance Linguistics Volume 2: A Diachronic View. Georgetown University Press.
ISBN0-87840-074-5.
Hall, Robert A. Jr. (1950). "The Reconstruction of Proto-Romance". Language. 26 (1). Linguistic Society of America: 6–27.
doi:
10.2307/410406.
JSTOR410406.
Harris, Martin (1997). Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (eds.). The Romance Languages. Taylor & Francis. pp. 1–25.
ISBN978-0-415-16417-7.
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (2019).
"Catalogue of languages and families". Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Archived from the original on 2020-05-02. Retrieved 2019-07-15.
Posner, Rebecca (1996). The Romance Languages. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN978-0-52-128139-3.
Sampson, Rodney (1999). Nasal Vowel Evolution in Romance. Oxford University Press.
ISBN978-0-19-823848-5.
Schulte, Kim (2009). "Loanwords in Romanian". In Haspelmath, Martin; Tadmor, Uri (eds.). Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 230–259.
ISBN978-3-11-021843-5.
Swiggers, Pierre (2011). "Mapping the Romance Languages of Europe". In Lameli, Alfred; Kehrein, Roland; Rabanus, Stefan (eds.). Language Mapping: Part I. Part II: Maps. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 269–301.
ISBN978-3-11-021916-6.
Harris, Martin (1988). Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (eds.). The Romance Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–25.
ISBN978-0-19-520829-0.
Lindstedt, Jouko (2014). "Balkan Slavic and Balkan Romance: from congruence to convergence". In Besters-Dilger, Juliane; Dermarkar, Cynthia; Pfänder, Stefan; Rabus, Achim (eds.). Congruence in Contact-Induced Language Change: Language Families, Typological Resemblance, and Perceived Similarity. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 168–183.
ISBN978-3-11-033834-8.
Maiden, Martin (2016). "Romanian, Istro–Romanian, Megleno–Romanian, and Arumanian". In Ledgeway, Adam; Maiden, Martin (eds.). The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 91–125.
ISBN978-0-19-967710-8.
Mallinson, Graham (1988). "Rumanian". In Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (eds.). The Romance Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 391–419.
ISBN978-0-19-520829-0.
Sala, Marius (2012). De la Latină la Română] [From Latin to Romanian]. Editura Pro Universitaria. p. 33.
ISBN978-606-647-435-1.
Petrucci, Peter R. (1999). Slavic Features in the History of Rumanian. München: LINCOM Europa.
ISBN38-9586-599-0.