| Dera | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Indonesia, Papua New Guinea |
| Region | Papua: Keerom Regency, 13 villages |
Native speakers | 1,200 (2006) [1] |
Senagi
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 |
kbv |
| Glottolog |
dera1245 |
| ELP | Dera |
| Coordinates: 3°36′43″S 141°03′26″E / 3.611948°S 141.05719°E | |
Dera (Dra, Dla) a.k.a. Mangguar and Kamberataro (Komberatoro) is a Senagi language of Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. In Papua New Guinea, it is primarily spoken in Kamberataro village ( 3°36′43″S 141°03′26″E / 3.611948°S 141.05719°E), Amanab Rural LLG, Sandaun Province. [1] [2]
Dialects
There are two dialects, namely Dla proper and Menggwa Dla. Dla proper is spoken in the three main villages of Kamberatoro Mission (3°36′S 141°03′E; 1299 feet) in Papua New Guinea, Amgotro Mission (3°38′S 140°58′E; 1969 feet) in West Papua, and Komando village in West Papua. Komando village was formerly a Dutch border post. Other Dla proper speaking villages in Papua New Guinea are Tamarbek ( 3°35′30″S 141°03′18″E / 3.591701°S 141.055114°E), Akamari ( 3°35′49″S 141°03′33″E / 3.597044°S 141.059233°E), New Kamberatoro; Old Kamberatoro, ‘Border Village’, Nimberatoro ( 3°37′34″S 141°02′33″E / 3.625973°S 141.042369°E), Nindebai ( 3°38′28″S 141°00′22″E / 3.64111°S 141.006033°E), Mamamora ( 3°39′14″S 141°01′13″E / 3.653793°S 141.020182°E), Yamamainda ( 3°40′10″S 141°02′00″E / 3.669519°S 141.033445°E), Orkwanda ( 3°38′50″S 141°04′52″E / 3.647337°S 141.081231°E), and Lihen ( 3°37′26″S 141°07′03″E / 3.623834°S 141.117364°E). West Papua, Indonesia has the Dla villages of Amgotro, Komando, Indangan, Mongwefi, Buku, and Agrinda, which are mostly located in Yaffi District, Keerom Regency. [3]
Menggwa Dla, the less populous of the two dialects, is spoken in five villages located between Kamberatoro Mission and Komando village, which are Menggau, Wahai ( 3°34′51″S 141°01′45″E / 3.580863°S 141.029277°E), Ambofahwa (alternatively known as Wahai Nº 2), Wanggurinda ( 3°34′49″S 141°01′43″E / 3.580396°S 141.028671°E; 3°34′59″S, 141°01′41″E) in Papua New Guinea, and Menggwal (3°33′53″S, 140°59′04″E) in West Papua. [3]
Status
Dla (Dera) speakers are shifting to Tok Pisin and Papuan Malay. De Sousa (2006) reports that the younger generation born in the 1990s or later usually cannot speak Dera fluently, whereas the older generation remains fluent. [3]
Phonology
Dera has 14 consonants (4 less than Angor), which are: [4]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||
| Fricative | ɸ | s | x | |||
| Liquid | r | |||||
| Semivowel | w | j | ||||
Dera has 5 vowels (2 less than Angor), which are: [4]
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u |
| Mid | e | o |
| Open | a |
Vocabulary comparison
The following basic vocabulary words of Dera dialects are from Voorhoeve (1971, 1975), [5] [6] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database: [7]
gloss Dera (Amgotro dialect) Dera (Moŋgowar dialect) Dera (Amgotro dialect) head boda bapale boda hair nanada nenale nanada ear kumbo- keda gombo-gala kumbo- keda eye kumba- kwada kamba-gala kumba- kwada nose gutubu damor gutubu tooth jabo-gemda djabo jabo-gemda tongue tabu tep tabu louse manə mave manə dog jabodo jabodo pig wadə wadə bird du tu du egg dogomda tugabola dogomda blood kodoa hola kodoa bone gemda saba gemda skin kueda kiaba kueda breast toto tutu toto tree namo; nomo agala namo; nomo man jani- ndia jani jani- ndia woman kuadedebo kolbake kuadedebo sun kəbu gəfu kəbu moon amana anam amana water kue gəwei kue fire kai kai kai stone nəmai nimi nəmai road, path bakoda bakoda name dia eat tato- hede- tato- one mano; ŋguadu mamu mano; ŋguadu two imbu jimbal imbu
References
- ^
a
b
Dera at
Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ United Nations in Papua New Guinea (2018). "Papua New Guinea Village Coordinates Lookup". Humanitarian Data Exchange. 1.31.9.
- ^ a b c de Sousa, Hilário (2006). The Menggwa Dla language of New Guinea (Doctoral dissertation). University of Sydney.
- ^ a b Foley, William A. (2018). "The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 197–432. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- ^ Voorhoeve, C.L. "Miscellaneous Notes on Languages in West Irian, New Guinea". In Dutton, T., Voorhoeve, C. and Wurm, S.A. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 14. A-28:47-114. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1971. doi: 10.15144/PL-A28.47
- ^ Voorhoeve, C.L. Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. doi: 10.15144/PL-B31
- ^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.