Rome and its metropolitan area has a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification: Csa), [1] with mild winters and warm to hot summers. According to Troll-Paffen climate classification, Rome has a warm-temperate subtropical climate (Warmgemäßigt-subtropisches Zonenklima). [2] According to Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification, Rome has a subtropical climate. [3]
Daylight
Rome is more southerly than most cities in Europe, and the duration of daylight throughout the year is more similar to Chicago or New York City (all three at approximately 40°N) than Berlin (~52°N) or Paris (48°N). Days in winter are not as short as in northern Europe, and the average duration of daylight in December, January and February is 10 hours [4] (for comparison: London [5] or Moscow [6] or Warsaw [7] – about 8 hours).
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hours of light | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 9 |
| hours of Twilight/Night | 14 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
Sunshine and UV index
Sunshine duration is about 2,500-2,700 hours per year, from 147 – average 4.7 hours of sunshine per day in December to 338 – average 10.9 hours of sunshine per day in July. [8] With the exception of Madrid, [9] Lisbon [10] and Athens, [11] Rome has the highest UV index between European capitals (only in the continent) and values close to that of Chicago at 41.9 °N as ultraviolet radiation is less interfered with by other geographic variables, but with a moderate annual average with index equal to 5, which allows direct exposure to the sun at some times of the year. Values range from 1 (December) to 9 (July). [12]
| Climate data for Rome | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 120.9 | 132.8 | 167.4 | 201.0 | 263.5 | 285.0 | 331.7 | 297.6 | 237.0 | 195.3 | 129.0 | 111.6 | 2,473 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 3.9 | 4.7 | 5.4 | 6.7 | 8.5 | 9.5 | 10.7 | 9.6 | 7.9 | 6.3 | 4.3 | 3.6 | 6.8 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 46 | 45 | 57 | 53 | 60 | 63 | 73 | 73 | 66 | 59 | 43 | 37 | 57 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
| Source: Servizio Meteorologico (mean daily and monthly sunshine hours), [8] climatemps.com (percent possible sunshine) [13] and Weather Atlas (UV index) [12] | |||||||||||||
Sea temperature
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14.2 °C (57.6 °F) | 13.6 °C (56.5 °F) | 14.0 °C (57.2 °F) | 15.3 °C (59.5 °F) | 18.7 °C (65.7 °F) | 22.7 °C (72.9 °F) | 24.4 °C (75.9 °F) | 24.6 °C (76.3 °F) | 23.5 °C (74.3 °F) | 20.7 °C (69.3 °F) | 18.6 °C (65.5 °F) | 15.8 °C (60.4 °F) | 18.9 °C (66.0 °F) |
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) | 13.9 °C (57.0 °F) | 14.1 °C (57.4 °F) | 15.5 °C (59.9 °F) | 18.8 °C (65.8 °F) | 22.9 °C (73.2 °F) | 24.7 °C (76.5 °F) | 25.0 °C (77.0 °F) | 24.0 °C (75.2 °F) | 21.1 °C (70.0 °F) | 19.0 °C (66.2 °F) | 16.1 °C (61.0 °F) | 19.1 °C (66.4 °F) |
Climatic data
Recent data
1991-2020 period
| Climate data for Rome Ciampino Airport, elevation: 129 m or 423 ft, 1991-2020 normals, extremes 1944–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.8 (69.4) |
23.0 (73.4) |
26.6 (79.9) |
30.0 (86.0) |
34.2 (93.6) |
39.3 (102.7) |
39.7 (103.5) |
40.6 (105.1) |
40.0 (104.0) |
32.0 (89.6) |
26.1 (79.0) |
21.2 (70.2) |
40.6 (105.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 12.0 (53.6) |
13.0 (55.4) |
15.8 (60.4) |
18.8 (65.8) |
22.3 (72.1) |
28.1 (82.6) |
31.0 (87.8) |
31.6 (88.9) |
26.7 (80.1) |
22.2 (72.0) |
16.9 (62.4) |
12.7 (54.9) |
21.0 (69.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 7.5 (45.5) |
8.0 (46.4) |
10.7 (51.3) |
13.6 (56.5) |
18.0 (64.4) |
22.5 (72.5) |
25.1 (77.2) |
25.4 (77.7) |
21.0 (69.8) |
17.0 (62.6) |
12.4 (54.3) |
8.5 (47.3) |
15.8 (60.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.4 (38.1) |
3.4 (38.1) |
5.9 (42.6) |
8.6 (47.5) |
12.6 (54.7) |
16.7 (62.1) |
19.3 (66.7) |
19.8 (67.6) |
16.0 (60.8) |
12.4 (54.3) |
8.5 (47.3) |
4.7 (40.5) |
10.9 (51.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −11.0 (12.2) |
−6.9 (19.6) |
−6.5 (20.3) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
1.8 (35.2) |
5.6 (42.1) |
9.1 (48.4) |
9.3 (48.7) |
4.3 (39.7) |
0.8 (33.4) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
−6.6 (20.1) |
−11.0 (12.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 65.6 (2.58) |
62.8 (2.47) |
58.6 (2.31) |
68.6 (2.70) |
56.9 (2.24) |
30.1 (1.19) |
19.8 (0.78) |
30.2 (1.19) |
64.9 (2.56) |
88.1 (3.47) |
108.2 (4.26) |
98.3 (3.87) |
752.0 (29.61) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.40 | 7.48 | 6.85 | 7.42 | 5.54 | 3.38 | 2.16 | 2.20 | 6.00 | 7.32 | 8.84 | 9.44 | 74.03 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 75.8 | 71.5 | 70.6 | 70.4 | 69.0 | 65.4 | 63.3 | 64.1 | 69.1 | 74.0 | 77.9 | 77.2 | 70.7 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | 3.9 (39.0) |
3.5 (38.3) |
5.8 (42.4) |
8.5 (47.3) |
12.1 (53.8) |
15.1 (59.2) |
16.9 (62.4) |
17.7 (63.9) |
15.5 (59.9) |
12.9 (55.2) |
9.3 (48.7) |
5.2 (41.4) |
10.5 (50.9) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 155.9 | 171.9 | 203.1 | 221.1 | 276.5 | 298.8 | 337.6 | 320.2 | 237.9 | 200.6 | 153.3 | 146.9 | 2,723.9 |
| Source 1: NOAA [16] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Temperature estreme in Toscana [17] | |||||||||||||
Old data
1971-2000 period
| Climate data for Rome Ciampino Airport (altitude: 105 m sl, 13 km south-east from Colosseum satellite view) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.8 (69.4) |
23.0 (73.4) |
26.6 (79.9) |
30.0 (86.0) |
34.2 (93.6) |
37.8 (100.0) |
39.6 (103.3) |
40.6 (105.1) |
40.0 (104.0) |
32.0 (89.6) |
26.1 (79.0) |
21.2 (70.2) |
40.6 (105.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 11.9 (53.4) |
13.0 (55.4) |
15.2 (59.4) |
17.7 (63.9) |
22.8 (73.0) |
26.9 (80.4) |
30.3 (86.5) |
30.6 (87.1) |
26.5 (79.7) |
21.4 (70.5) |
15.9 (60.6) |
12.6 (54.7) |
20.4 (68.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 7.5 (45.5) |
8.2 (46.8) |
10.2 (50.4) |
12.6 (54.7) |
17.2 (63.0) |
21.1 (70.0) |
24.1 (75.4) |
24.5 (76.1) |
20.8 (69.4) |
16.4 (61.5) |
11.4 (52.5) |
8.4 (47.1) |
15.2 (59.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.1 (37.6) |
3.5 (38.3) |
5.2 (41.4) |
7.5 (45.5) |
11.6 (52.9) |
15.3 (59.5) |
18.0 (64.4) |
18.3 (64.9) |
15.2 (59.4) |
11.3 (52.3) |
6.9 (44.4) |
4.2 (39.6) |
10.0 (50.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −11.0 (12.2) |
−6.9 (19.6) |
−6.5 (20.3) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
1.8 (35.2) |
5.6 (42.1) |
9.1 (48.4) |
9.3 (48.7) |
4.3 (39.7) |
0.8 (33.4) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
−6.6 (20.1) |
−11.0 (12.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 66.9 (2.63) |
73.3 (2.89) |
57.8 (2.28) |
80.5 (3.17) |
52.8 (2.08) |
34.0 (1.34) |
19.2 (0.76) |
36.8 (1.45) |
73.3 (2.89) |
113.3 (4.46) |
115.4 (4.54) |
81.0 (3.19) |
804.3 (31.67) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 7.0 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 9.2 | 6.2 | 4.3 | 2.1 | 3.3 | 6.2 | 8.2 | 9.7 | 8.0 | 79.4 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 120.9 | 132.8 | 167.4 | 201.0 | 263.5 | 285.0 | 331.7 | 297.6 | 237.0 | 195.3 | 129.0 | 111.6 | 2,472.8 |
| Source: Servizio Meteorologico, [8] data of sunshine hours [18] (1971–2000), extremes 1944–present [19] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Rome Fiumicino Airport (altitude: 15 m sl, 23 km west from Colosseum, near sea satellite view) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.1 (68.2) |
22.1 (71.8) |
26.3 (79.3) |
28.4 (83.1) |
33.1 (91.6) |
36.5 (97.7) |
38.6 (101.5) |
37.2 (99.0) |
37.6 (99.7) |
33.6 (92.5) |
26.5 (79.7) |
20.9 (69.6) |
38.6 (101.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 13.4 (56.1) |
13.9 (57.0) |
15.6 (60.1) |
17.8 (64.0) |
22.2 (72.0) |
25.9 (78.6) |
28.8 (83.8) |
29.4 (84.9) |
26.2 (79.2) |
22.1 (71.8) |
17.2 (63.0) |
14.2 (57.6) |
20.6 (69.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 8.6 (47.5) |
9.0 (48.2) |
10.7 (51.3) |
12.9 (55.2) |
17.1 (62.8) |
20.8 (69.4) |
23.6 (74.5) |
24.1 (75.4) |
21.1 (70.0) |
17.1 (62.8) |
12.4 (54.3) |
9.6 (49.3) |
15.6 (60.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.8 (38.8) |
4.1 (39.4) |
5.7 (42.3) |
8.0 (46.4) |
11.9 (53.4) |
15.6 (60.1) |
18.3 (64.9) |
18.8 (65.8) |
16.0 (60.8) |
12.1 (53.8) |
7.7 (45.9) |
5.0 (41.0) |
10.6 (51.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −7.8 (18.0) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
1.6 (34.9) |
8.6 (47.5) |
10.6 (51.1) |
10.5 (50.9) |
7.8 (46.0) |
1.9 (35.4) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 66.8 (2.63) |
73.3 (2.89) |
56.9 (2.24) |
68.2 (2.69) |
42.2 (1.66) |
19.4 (0.76) |
14.8 (0.58) |
30.1 (1.19) |
69.7 (2.74) |
114.2 (4.50) |
102.6 (4.04) |
82.5 (3.25) |
740.7 (29.16) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 8.2 | 8.0 | 7.1 | 7.9 | 4.2 | 2.8 | 1.5 | 2.7 | 5.1 | 7.2 | 9.2 | 7.9 | 71.8 |
| Source: Servizio Meteorologico [20] (1971–2000), extremes 1959–present (excluding the Oct. record high) [21] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Rome Urbe Airport (altitude: 24 m sl, 7 km north from Colosseum satellite view) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.2 (68.4) |
23.6 (74.5) |
27.0 (80.6) |
28.3 (82.9) |
33.1 (91.6) |
36.8 (98.2) |
40.0 (104.0) |
39.6 (103.3) |
37.6 (99.7) |
31.4 (88.5) |
26.0 (78.8) |
22.8 (73.0) |
40.0 (104.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 12.6 (54.7) |
14.0 (57.2) |
16.5 (61.7) |
18.9 (66.0) |
23.9 (75.0) |
28.1 (82.6) |
31.5 (88.7) |
31.7 (89.1) |
27.5 (81.5) |
22.4 (72.3) |
16.5 (61.7) |
13.2 (55.8) |
21.4 (70.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 7.4 (45.3) |
8.4 (47.1) |
10.4 (50.7) |
12.9 (55.2) |
17.3 (63.1) |
21.2 (70.2) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.5 (76.1) |
20.9 (69.6) |
16.4 (61.5) |
11.2 (52.2) |
8.2 (46.8) |
15.3 (59.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.1 (35.8) |
2.7 (36.9) |
4.3 (39.7) |
6.8 (44.2) |
10.8 (51.4) |
14.3 (57.7) |
16.9 (62.4) |
17.3 (63.1) |
14.3 (57.7) |
10.5 (50.9) |
5.8 (42.4) |
3.1 (37.6) |
9.1 (48.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −9.8 (14.4) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−9.0 (15.8) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
3.7 (38.7) |
6.2 (43.2) |
9.8 (49.6) |
8.6 (47.5) |
5.4 (41.7) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−9.8 (14.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 69.5 (2.74) |
75.8 (2.98) |
59.0 (2.32) |
76.2 (3.00) |
49.1 (1.93) |
40.7 (1.60) |
21.0 (0.83) |
34.1 (1.34) |
71.8 (2.83) |
107.0 (4.21) |
109.9 (4.33) |
84.4 (3.32) |
798.5 (31.44) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 7.6 | 7.4 | 7.8 | 8.8 | 5.6 | 4.1 | 2.3 | 3.2 | 5.6 | 7.7 | 9.1 | 8.5 | 77.7 |
| Source: Servizio Meteorologico [22] (1971–2000) | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Rome Ciampino Airport | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 11.5 (52.7) |
12.5 (54.5) |
15.3 (59.5) |
19.1 (66.4) |
24.1 (75.4) |
28.5 (83.3) |
31.3 (88.3) |
31.5 (88.7) |
26.9 (80.4) |
22.3 (72.1) |
17.0 (62.6) |
12.7 (54.9) |
21.1 (70.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 7.2 (45.0) |
7.6 (45.7) |
10.4 (50.7) |
13.9 (57.0) |
18.5 (65.3) |
22.8 (73.0) |
25.4 (77.7) |
25.3 (77.5) |
21.1 (70.0) |
17.0 (62.6) |
12.5 (54.5) |
8.6 (47.5) |
15.9 (60.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.9 (39.0) |
3.7 (38.7) |
6.3 (43.3) |
9.3 (48.7) |
13.2 (55.8) |
17.1 (62.8) |
19.6 (67.3) |
19.7 (67.5) |
16.2 (61.2) |
12.7 (54.9) |
8.9 (48.0) |
5.4 (41.7) |
11.3 (52.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 91.8 (3.61) |
83.2 (3.28) |
74.3 (2.93) |
77.9 (3.07) |
78.7 (3.10) |
45.9 (1.81) |
26.8 (1.06) |
30.8 (1.21) |
65.5 (2.58) |
78.8 (3.10) |
125.8 (4.95) |
110.6 (4.35) |
890.1 (35.04) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 12.9 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 13.0 | 11.0 | 9.1 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 15.0 | 13.9 | 134 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 127.1 | 148.4 | 179.8 | 210.0 | 272.8 | 300.0 | 350.3 | 316.2 | 237.0 | 204.6 | 138.0 | 120.9 | 2,605 |
| Source: climatebase.ru [23] (2000-2011) | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Civitavecchia, Metropolitan City of Rome Capital | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 12.8 (55.0) |
13.1 (55.6) |
14.6 (58.3) |
16.7 (62.1) |
20.3 (68.5) |
23.6 (74.5) |
26.5 (79.7) |
27.0 (80.6) |
24.9 (76.8) |
21.4 (70.5) |
17.0 (62.6) |
13.9 (57.0) |
19.3 (66.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.1 (44.8) |
7.4 (45.3) |
8.5 (47.3) |
10.6 (51.1) |
14.3 (57.7) |
17.5 (63.5) |
20.3 (68.5) |
20.5 (68.9) |
18.5 (65.3) |
15.2 (59.4) |
11.1 (52.0) |
8.1 (46.6) |
13.3 (55.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 94 (3.7) |
71 (2.8) |
51 (2.0) |
53 (2.1) |
43 (1.7) |
18 (.7) |
10 (.4) |
25 (1) |
56 (2.2) |
84 (3.3) |
89 (3.5) |
71 (2.8) |
670 (26.2) |
| Source: [24] | |||||||||||||
1961-1990 period
| Climate data for Rome ( Urbe Airport), elevation: 24 m or 79 ft, 1961-1990 normals | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 12.1 (53.8) |
13.7 (56.7) |
16.1 (61.0) |
19.2 (66.6) |
23.8 (74.8) |
27.7 (81.9) |
31.2 (88.2) |
30.9 (87.6) |
27.6 (81.7) |
22.6 (72.7) |
16.7 (62.1) |
12.8 (55.0) |
21.2 (70.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.9 (35.4) |
3.0 (37.4) |
4.5 (40.1) |
7.1 (44.8) |
10.7 (51.3) |
14.3 (57.7) |
16.7 (62.1) |
16.9 (62.4) |
14.3 (57.7) |
10.3 (50.5) |
6.1 (43.0) |
3.0 (37.4) |
9.1 (48.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 82.6 (3.25) |
76.0 (2.99) |
68.0 (2.68) |
68.2 (2.69) |
47.3 (1.86) |
41.0 (1.61) |
22.7 (0.89) |
36.1 (1.42) |
75.0 (2.95) |
107.7 (4.24) |
120.2 (4.73) |
92.5 (3.64) |
837.3 (32.95) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 8.8 | 8.1 | 8.5 | 8.1 | 5.8 | 4.3 | 2.2 | 3.2 | 5.1 | 7.2 | 9.9 | 9.5 | 80.7 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 79 | 75 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 70 | 68 | 69 | 71 | 75 | 79 | 80 | 74 |
| Source: NOAA [25] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Rome ( Fiumicino Airport), elevation: 3 m or 9.8 ft, 1961-1990 normals | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 12.9 (55.2) |
13.7 (56.7) |
15.3 (59.5) |
18.0 (64.4) |
22.0 (71.6) |
25.6 (78.1) |
28.6 (83.5) |
28.7 (83.7) |
26.0 (78.8) |
22.0 (71.6) |
17.2 (63.0) |
13.9 (57.0) |
20.3 (68.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.7 (38.7) |
4.4 (39.9) |
5.8 (42.4) |
8.3 (46.9) |
11.9 (53.4) |
15.6 (60.1) |
18.2 (64.8) |
18.4 (65.1) |
15.8 (60.4) |
12.0 (53.6) |
8.1 (46.6) |
5.1 (41.2) |
10.6 (51.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 80.7 (3.18) |
74.9 (2.95) |
65.0 (2.56) |
54.7 (2.15) |
31.8 (1.25) |
16.3 (0.64) |
14.7 (0.58) |
33.3 (1.31) |
68.2 (2.69) |
93.4 (3.68) |
110.5 (4.35) |
89.6 (3.53) |
733.1 (28.87) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 8.8 | 8.1 | 8.5 | 8.1 | 5.8 | 4.3 | 2.2 | 3.2 | 5.1 | 7.2 | 9.9 | 9.5 | 80.7 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 73 | 72 | 73 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 77 | 75 |
| Source: NOAA [26] | |||||||||||||
See also
References
- ^ "World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification". Archived from the original on 2010-09-06.
- ^ Climatic map by Istituto Geografico De Agostini, according to Troll-Paffen climate classification Archived October 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Die Klimatypen der Erde, Pädagogische Hochschule in Heidelberg.
- ^ a b Rome Climate, weather2travel.com.
-
^ Weather2Travel.com.
"London Climate: Monthly Weather Averages, UK". Weather2Travel.com.
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^ Weather2Travel.com.
"Moscow Climate: Monthly Weather Averages, Russia (Europe)". Weather2Travel.com.
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^ Weather2Travel.com.
"Warsaw Climate: Monthly Weather Averages, Poland". Weather2Travel.com.
{{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link) - ^ a b c "Tabelle climatiche 1971–2000 della stazione meteorologica di Roma-Ciampino Ponente dall'Atlante Climatico 1971–2000" (PDF). Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare.
- ^ "Madrid, Spain - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Yu Media Group. Retrieved 2019-07-03.
- ^ "Lisbon, Portugal - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Yu Media Group. Retrieved 2019-07-03.
- ^ "Athens, Greece - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Yu Media Group. Retrieved 2019-07-03.
- ^ a b "Rome, Italy - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Yu Media Group. Retrieved 2019-07-03.
- ^ Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Rome, Italy, climatemps.com.
- ^ Monthly Civitavecchia water temperature chart, seatemperature.org.
- ^ Monthly Tor San Lorenzo water temperature chart, seatemperature.org.
- ^ "Monte Cimone Climate Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved August 31, 2023.
- ^ "Roma Ciampino" (in Italian). Temperature estreme in Toscana. Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved August 31, 2023.
- ^ "Visualizzazione tabella CLINO della stazione / CLINO Averages Listed for the station Roma Ciampino". Retrieved 13 June 2011.
- ^ "Roma Ciampino: Record mensili dal 1944" (in Italian). Servizio Meteorologico dell’Aeronautica Militare. Retrieved August 2, 2020.
- ^ Tabelle climatiche 1971–2000 della stazione meteorologica di Roma-Fiumicino Ponente dall'Atlante Climatico 1971–2000, Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare.
- ^ "Roma Fiumicino: Record mensili dal 1959" (in Italian). Servizio Meteorologico dell’Aeronautica Militare. Retrieved August 2, 2020.
- ^ Tabelle climatiche 1971–2000 della stazione meteorologica di Roma-Urbe Ponente dall'Atlante Climatico 1971–2000, Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare.
- ^ "Rome, Italy #16239".
- ^ "Civitavecchia historic weather averages in Italy". Intellicast. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
- ^ "Rome (16235) - WMO Weather Station". NOAA. Retrieved July 17, 2019.
- ^ "Rome (16242) - WMO Weather Station". NOAA. Retrieved July 17, 2019.
