Chaoborus is a genus of
midges in the family
Chaoboridae. The
larvae are known as glassworms because they are
transparent. They can be found commonly in
lakes all over the world and can be up to 2 cm (0.8 in). The adults are sometimes called phantom midges or lake flies.[1]
Glassworms are almost entirely transparent, except for pairs of black kidney-shaped structures in the front and the back of the body. These dots are the air sacs. They use these air sacs to migrate up and down in lakes. Glassworms breathe through the end of their
abdomen and have two small
eyes at the front of their bodies.
Behavior
Chaoborus adults do not bite mammals or suck
blood. Larvae live in open waters and even sediments, where there may be little
oxygen for them to breathe. In some lakes they can be found as deep as 70 m (230 ft). In these deep
anoxic waters they can avoid predation more easily than near the surface. They get around the fact that a normal air filled
invertebrate tracheal system would fail at these depths by having it reduced to just two air sacs.[2] They are predaceous, and catch their prey with their modified
prehensile antennae. They look somewhat like
mosquito larvae, on which they
prey and frequently destroy in large numbers. Chaoborus are considered opportunistic eaters, as their main diet consists of
copepods and
cladocerans, though they are believed to prefer copepods. However, they tend to select whatever prey enters its strike zone as it is not known for chasing prey. Prey selection also varies between species as head and mandible size dictate maximum prey size.[3]
Their main predator is fish, which can cause a behavioral response due to light factors influenced by their presence. This fish factor causes an increase in the average depth the individuals can be found. This vertical migration behavior is believed to be a chemical reaction, rather than a visual or mechanical.[4] In the
African Great Lakes of
Malawi and
Victoria (but not
Tanganyika where this genus is absent, perhaps because of chemical factors[5]), huge swarms of Chaoborus midges occur and are collected by local people to make
kungu cakes, biscuits or burgers, a local delicacy rich in
protein.[6][7][8]David Livingstone (1865) claimed that they "tasted not unlike caviare".[6]
Life cycle
Chaoborus spends the majority of its life in the larval stage. In this larval stage, there are 4 growth instars before reaching adulthood. Most Chaoborus species are univoltine, or live for only one year, though some populations have been recorded as having a two-year
generation time. Timing of pupation depends on local environmental conditions, though generally occurs after any ice has thawed and temperatures in the water begin to rise again.[9]
Collection
The simplest way to collect glassworms is by a
plankton net.[10] They can be found in almost all water, but most abound in fish-free quarry ponds during winter. Glassworms are very easy to store if the water is kept cold and aerated. They are very tolerant to bad water conditions, including
chlorine. They are sometimes collected and sold as
fish food.[11]
Data sources: i = ITIS,[12] c = Catalogue of Life,[13] g = GBIF,[14] b = Bugguide.net[15]
References
^Lehman; Halat; Betz; Ndawula; and Kiggundu (1998). Secondary Production by the Lake Fly Chaoborus in Lake Victoria, East Africa: Implications for Trophic Dynamics of the Modern Lake. Environmental Change and Response in East African Lakes Volume 79. Monographiae Biologicae, pp. 135-145.
^Maddrell, S.H.P. (1998). Why are there no insects in the open sea? Journal of Experimental Biology201: 2461-2464.
Online.
^Swift, M.C. and A.Y. Fedorenko. (1975). Some aspects of prey capture by Chaoborus larvae. Limnology and Oceanography20:418-425.
[1].
^Widbom, B. and R. Elmgren. (1988). Vertical migration of Chaoborus larvae is induced by the presence of fish. Limnology and Oceanography35:1631-1637.
[2].
^Eccles, D.H. (1985). Lake flies and sardines—A cautionary note. Biological Conservation 33(4): 309–333.
doi:
10.1016/0006-3207(85)90074-6
^van Huis, A.; H. van Gurp; and M. Dicke (2012). The Insect Cookbook: Food for a Sustainable Planet, p. 31.
ISBN978-0-231-16684-3
^Ayieko; and Oriaro (2008). Consumption, indigenous knowledge and cultural values of the lakefly species within the Lake Victoria region. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2(10): 282—286.
^Von Ende, Carl N. (1982). Phenology of four Chaoborus species. Environmental Entomology11:9-15.
[3].