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Bolognese | |
---|---|
bulgnaiṡ | |
Pronunciation | [bul̪ˈɲai̯z̺] |
Native to | Italy |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog |
bolo1260 |
IETF | egl-u-sd-itbo |
Bolognese (native name: bulgnaiṡ, Emilian: [bul̪ˈɲai̯z̺]) is a dialect of Emilian spoken in the most part in the city of Bologna and its hinterland (except east of the Sillaro stream), but also in the district of Castelfranco Emilia in the province of Modena, and in the towns of Sambuca Pistoiese ( Tuscany), Cento, Sant'Agostino, and Poggio Renatico ( province of Ferrara).
Although the term dialect is commonly used in reference to all minority languages native to Italy, most of them are not mutually intelligible with Italian. [1] Bolognese is no exception and so is an Emilian dialect, not an Italian one.
Bolognese is a dialect of Emilian, one of the Gallo-Italic languages of the Romance family. It shares many common features with other Gallo-Italic languages such as Piedmontese, Lombard, Venetian, Romagnol and Ligurian, and it is closer to them than to Italian.
Bolognese evolved a group of Gallo-Romance languages sharing features with neighbouring northern Italian languages. It developed more distinctly into the Middle Ages as a dialect of the Emilian language. During the High Middle Ages, a number of troubadours composing lyrical poetry were active in Bologna, especially during the 13th century. That served to raise cultural awareness to the possibility of composing songs, poems and other works in vernacular languages. One of the first references to Bolognese as a distinct language was made by Dante Alighieri, in his De vulgari eloquentia, written in the beginning of the 14th century.
During the boom of interest in linguistic diversity during the 19th century, a number of efforts were made to create vocabularies, grammars, and collections of axioms, folk tales, and literature. The first dictionary was compiled in 1901 by Gaspare Ungarelli, who also attempted to create a writing system using the Italian alphabet. A period of stigmatisation followed in the 20th century, where children were punished for speaking the dialect in school,[ citation needed] as it was considered to be a sign of poor education and etiquette.[ citation needed]
In 1964, Alberto Menarini proposed an alphabet with many of the same letters still used. In recent times, Bolognese has enjoyed a period of rebirth with some words, such as umarell, derived from Bolognese umarèl, becoming popular beyond Bologna itself. [2]
Here are some prominent features of Bolognese phonology: [3]
The phonemes of Bolognese are realized phonetically very differently depending on the area in or around Bologna. Much free variation occurs in words from complex phonological processes.
Bolognese has 25 consonant phonemes:
Bilabial |
Labio- dental |
Dental | Alveolar |
Labio- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar |
Labio- velar | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ŋʷ | |||
Plosive | p b | t d | k ɡ | kʷ ɡʷ | ||||
Affricate | ts dz | |||||||
Fricative | f v | θ ð | s z | |||||
Approximant | l | j | w | |||||
Trill | r |
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rounded | Unrounded | |||||
short | long | short | short | long | short | |
Close | i | iː | u | uː | ||
Close-mid | e | eː | ( ə) | o | oː | |
Open-mid | æ | ɛː | ɔː | ʌ | ||
Open | a | aː |
Bolognese dialect has 2 diphthongs, namely /ai/ and /ʌu/.
Letter | Name | IPA | Example |
---|---|---|---|
a - à | a cûrta | /a/ | lażż, casàtt |
a - e | a dabbla - e dabbla | /ǝ/ | schéṅna - métter |
â | a lónga | /aː/ | pajâz, râta |
å | a srè | /ʌ/ | Bulåggna, bån, tåurta |
ä | e dimónndi avêrta e cûrta | /æ/ | bän |
e - é | e srè | /e/ | economî - pén |
è | e avêrta lónga | /ɛː/ | lèder, mèder |
ê | e lónga | /eː/ | ṡvêlt, mêder, mêter |
i - í | i | /i/ | dṡvilópp - chíllo |
î | i lónga | /iː/ | Flîṡ, lîber |
ò | o avêrta | /ɔ/ - /ɔ:/ | inbariagòt, còl, tòr |
o - ó | o srè | /o/ | mói, tóff |
ô | o lónga | /o:/ | fiôl, fiôl, nôv, côl, tôr |
u | u | /u/ | sugabått, carbúrro |
û | u lónga | /uː/ | balûṡ, ligûr |
Letter | Name | IPA | Example |
---|---|---|---|
c (1) - ch (2) - ch' - cc | c dûra | /k/ | sâc - chi - ch'as - sàcc |
c (2) - c' - cc' (3) | c dåulz | /ts/ | vèc' - uràcc', inbac'lèr |
g (1) - gh (2) - g - gg | g dûra | /g/ | grand, brèg, dégg |
g (2) - g' - gg' (3) | g dåulza | /dz/ | giósst - curâg' - dågg' |
gn | gn dåulza | /ɲ/ | sgnåur, Raggn |
gl | gl dåulza | /ʎ/ | ṡbaglièr, Emégglia |
n | n | /n/ | anâdra, månnd, mand |
n | n vlèr | /ŋ/ | canvèr |
ṅ (ṅn) | n vlèr | /ŋ/ | culéṅna |
s | s såurda | /s/ | sôrbel |
ṡ | s sunôra | /z/ | cûṡer |
z | z såurda | /θ/ | aziån, znèr |
ż | z sunôra | /ð/ | żûg, żnèr |
j | j | /j/ | tâja, tajja |
s-c | /sk/ | s-ciavvd | |
s-g | /sg/ | s-giazèr | |
g-li | /g.li/ | neg-ligiänt |
(1) Followed by a,o,u
(2) Followed by i, e
(3) End of a word after a stressed vowel
Bolognese distinguishes two genders, masculine and feminine, and two numbers, single and plural. In most nouns, the suffix -a is added to the masculine word to indicate femininity: defizänt, defizänta; påndg, påndga.
The formation of Bolognese plurals is complicated. Unlike Italian, inflection usually happens not by adding suffixes but rather by apophony:
However, when words that end with -èl or -ôl are pluralised, the -èl or -ôl is changed to -î and -û respectively: martèl, "hammer", martî, "hammers"; fiôl, "son", fiû "sons". There are some exceptions to that rule, such as nurmèl, "normal", which is unchanged when made plural, and some others, such as sàntel, "godfather", which are unchanged when made plural because words are not truncated, that is, with a stress that does not fall on è or ô.
Masculine words that end in a consonant are unchanged when made plural and so the number can be identified only by the preceding article: al râm, "the branch", i râm, "the branches". In addition, pluralised feminine words that are not constructed from a masculine word do not have an -a: la rôda, "the wheel", äl rôd, "the wheels". The plurals of feminine words constructed from masculine words are formed by using an -i instead of an -a: biånnda, "blonde", biånndi, "blondes"; ziéṅna "aunt", ziéṅni, "aunts".
Masculine | Feminine | Masculine | Feminine | Meaning |
---|---|---|---|---|
-én | -éṅna | cinén | cinéṅna | piccolo |
-ån | -åṅna | padrån | padråṅna | padrone |
-ói | -ójja | mói | mójja | bagnato |
-an | -èna | san | sèna | sano |
C+el | C+la | dàbbel | dabbla | debole |
C+en | C+na | intêren | intêrna | interno |
C+er | C+ra | naigher | naigra | nero |
c' | cia | vèc' | vècia | vecchio |
Exception: bån, bôna
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
-à- | -é- | al saggn | i séggn | Exception for -an- where it's invariable |
-än- | -én- | al dänt | i dént | |
-àtt | -étt | al casàtt | i casétt | |
-ai- | -î- | al vaider | i vîder | |
-ån- | -ón- | al limån | i limón | |
-åu- | -û- | al fiåur | i fiûr | |
-ôl | -û | al fiôl | i fiû | |
-èl | -î | al canèl | i canî | From Vulgar Latin -ello. |
-èl | al canèl | i canèl | From Vulgar Latin -ale. | |
Ending in vowels | al dócca | i dócca | Invariable | |
al cínno | i cínno | |||
al comunéssta | i comunéssta | |||
Other cases | al gât | i gât | Invariable | |
al can | i can | |||
al zîl | i zîl |
No observable patterns exist for ô or ó. Sometimes stressed ô or ò turns into û on plural forms for example: al ciôd - i ciûd and al òc' - i ûc'. Other times it is invariable for example: al sôld - i sôld and l òmen - i òmen.
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ends in a | Drops a | la scrâna | äl scrân | Ends in unstressed a |
la vâca | äl vâc | |||
Ends in a | Ends in i | la gâta | äl gâti | Feminine noun derived from masculine noun |
la comunéssta | äl comunéssti | |||
C+la | C+el | la nóvvla | äl nóvvel | |
C+na | C+en | la cavêrna | äl cavêren | |
C+ra | C+er | la fîvra | äl fîver | |
C+ma | C+um | l’ânma | äli ânum | |
C+va | C+uv | la cunsêrva | äl cunsêruv | |
Other cases | la våuṡ | äl våuṡ | Invariable | |
la pû | äl pû | |||
la cà | äl cà |
Adjective become the feminine form by adding -a to masculine, therefore they form plural similar to feminine nouns derived from masculine nouns.
Masculine | Feminine | ||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
sutîl | sutîla | sutîl | sutîli |
difézzil | difézzil | difézzil | difézzili |
uriginèl | uriginèl | uriginèl | uriginèl(i) |
Pronoun | Definite | Indefinite | |
---|---|---|---|
singular | masculine | al/l | un |
feminine | la/l' | (u)na | |
plural | masculine | i | di |
feminine | äl(i) | däl(i) |
Orthographic rules
Article | Before consonant | Before vowel | |
---|---|---|---|
definite | masculine | al fiåur, al studänt | l òmen, l ân |
feminine | la tuṡatta, la cà | l'åura, l'ôca | |
indefinite | masculine | un fiåur, un studänt | un òmen, un ân |
feminine | una tuṡatta, una cà | un'åura, un'ôca | |
plural | masculine | i fiûr, i studént | i òmen, i ân |
feminine | äl tuṡatt, äl cà | äli åur, äli ôc |
Combination with preposition
Preposition | al | l | la | l' | i | äl | äli |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ed | dal | dl | dla | dl' | di | däl | däli |
a | al | al | ala | al' | ai | al | ali |
da | dal | dal | dala | dal' | dai | dal | dali |
par | pr al | par l | par la | par l' | pr i | pr äl | pr äli |
con | con al | con l | con la | con l' | coi | col | coli |
in | int al | int l | int la | int l' | int i | int äl | int äli |
só | só l | só l | só la | só l' | só i | só l | sóli |
The preposition in is written int before definite and indefinite articles and in elsewhere.
Personal Pronoun
Number | Nominative | Verbal Pronoun | Interrogative suffix | Dative | Con + | Possessive Adjective | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | 1 | mé | a(i) | ia | m | mîg | mî |
2 | té | (e)t | (e)t | t | tîg | tô, tô, tû, tåu | |
3.m | ló | al/l | (e)l | i | sîg | sô, sô, sû, såu | |
3.f | lî | la/l' | la | ||||
plural | 1 | nuèter | a(i) | ia | s | nòsc | nòster, nòstra, nûster, nòstri |
2 | vuèter | a(i) | v | v | vòsc | vòster, vòstra, vûster, vòstri | |
3.m | låur | i | i | i | sîg | sô, sô, sû, såu | |
3.f | äl(i) |
If the conjugated verb starts with unstressed a, the verbal pronoun a(i) is dropped. For example mé arîv, nuèter arivän
Formal pronouns are used to replace 2nd person pronoun to indicate politeness or courtesy. Formal pronouns in Bolognese include ló for masculine and lî for feminine.
Demonstrative Pronoun and Adjective
Pronoun | Demonstrative | Adjective | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
This | That | This | That | ||
Singular | Masculine | quasst | quall | st(e) | c(a)l |
Feminine | quassta | qualla | sta | cla | |
Plural | Masculine | quíssti | quî | sti | chi |
Feminine | quassti | qualli | stäl(i) | cäl(i) |
Note: ste and sta elides before words starting with vowels. For example: A quest'ora. Che ora è? = Da st’åura. Ch’åur’é?
Orthographic rules
Pronoun | Before consonant | Before vowel | |
---|---|---|---|
singular | masculine | st(e) gât, cal gât | st amîg, cl amîg |
feminine | sta gâta, cla gâta | st’amîga, cl'amîga | |
plural | masculine | sti gât, chi gât | sti amîg, chi amîg |
feminine | stäl gâti, cäl gâti | stäli amîghi, cäli amîghi |
Demonstrative pronouns or adjective are almost always followed by adverbs indicating degrees of distance:
1. (qué) near the speaker
2. (lé) further away from the speaker, often near the listener
3. (là) even further away from the speaker and the listener
Other pronouns:
To form the interrogative form, euphonic vowels on the verb must be removed including on -en endings. For 3rd and 1st person singular, final unstressed a must also be removed. For example: a dâg > dâghia, a mâgnen > mâgn-ni, l avêva > avêvel
Metaphony happens when the penultimate vowel is stressed in the present indicative and present subjunctive mood.
Persåṅna | Cantèr | Magnèr | Inparèr | Inventèr | Viṡitèr | Pinsèr | Prilèr | Osesionèr | Druvèr | Vulèr |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mé | a cant | a mâgn | ai inpèr | ai invänt | a vîṡit | a päns | a préll | ai osesiån | a drôv | a våul |
Té | t cant | t mâgn | t inpèr | t invänt | t vîṡit | t päns | t préll | t osesiån | t drôv | t våul |
Ló | al canta | al mâgna | l inpèra | l invänta | al vîṡita | al pänsa | al prélla | l osesiåna | al drôva | al våula |
Lî | la canta | la mâgna | l'inpèra | l'invänta | la vîṡita | la pänsa | la prélla | l'osesiåna | la drôv | la våula |
Nuèter | a cantän | a magnän | ai inparän | ai inventän | a viṡitän | a pinsän | a prilän | ai osesionän | a druvän | a vulän |
Vuèter | a cantè | a magnè | ai inparè | ai inventè | a viṡitè | a pinsè | a prilè | ai osesionè | a druvè | a vulè |
Låur | i/äl canten | i/äl mâgnen | i/äli inpèren | i/äli invänten | i/äl vîṡiten | i/äli pänsen | i/äli préllen | i/äli osesiånen | i/äl drôven | i/äl våulen |
For the type 3 Conjugation, the vowel doesn't change if the stressed stays the same. Example vàdder (a vadd, a vdän).
Persåṅna | Arspånnder | Bàvver | Vànnder | Pièṡer | Lèżer | Métter | Córrer |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mé | arspånnd | a bavv | a vannd | a pièṡ | a lèż | a métt | a córr |
Té | t arspånnd | t bavv | t vannd | t pièṡ | t lèż | t métt | t córr |
Ló | al arspånnd | al bavv | al vannd | al pièṡ | al lèż | al métt | al córr |
Lî | la arspånnd | la bavv | la vannd | la pièṡ | la lèż | la métt | la córr |
Nuèter | arspundän | a bvän | a vindän | a piaṡän | a liżän | a mitän | a curän |
Vuèter | arspundänî | a bvî | a vindî | a piaṡî | a liżî | a mitî | a curî |
Låur | i/äl arspånnden | i/äl bavven | i/äl vannden | i/äl pièṡen | i/äl lèżen | i/äl métten | i/äl córren |
Metaphony never happens on the 4th conjugation (-îr) since the stress never falls on the stem.
Persåṅna | Fåurma afermatîva | Fåurma interugatîva | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Preṡänt | Inparfèt | Pasè luntàn | Futûr | Preṡänt | Inparfèt | Pasè luntàn | Futûr | |
Mé | a sån | ai êra | a fó | a srò | såggna? | êria? | fójja? | sròja? |
Té | t î | t êr | t fóss | t srè | ît? | êret? | fósset? | srèt? |
Ló | l é | l êra | al fó | al srà | êl? | êrel? | fóll? | srèl? |
Lî | l'é | l'êra | la fó | la srà | êla? | êrla? | fólla? | srèla? |
Nuèter | a sän | ai êren | a fónn | a srän | saggna? | êrgna? | fóggna? | sraggna? |
Vuèter | a sî | ai êri | a fóssi | a srî | sîv? | êri? | fóssi? | srîv? |
Låur | i én | i êren | i fónn | i sran | êni? | êrni? | fónni? | srèni? |
äli én | äli êren | äl fónn | äl sran |
Persåṅna | Fåurma afermatîva | Fåurma interugatîva | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Congiuntîv | Condiziunèl | Condiziunèl | |||
Preṡänt | Pasè | ||||
Mé | ch'a séppa | sîa | ch'a fóss | a srêv | sréjja? |
Té | che t sépp | che t fóss | t sréss | srésset? | |
Ló | ch'al séppa | sîa | ch'al fóss | al srêv | sréll? |
Lî | che la séppa | che la fóss | la srêv | srélla? | |
Nuèter | ch'a saggna | ch'a fóssen | a srénn | sréggna? | |
Vuèter | ch'a sièdi | ch'a fóssi | a sréssi | sréssi? | |
Låur | ch'i séppen | sîen | ch'i fóssen | i srénn | srénni? |
ch'äl séppen | ch'äl fóssen | äl srénn |
Gerund: esànd
Past participle: stè
Imperative: séppet (2nd.sg), saggna (1st.pl), sièdi (2nd.pl)
Persåṅna | Fåurma afermatîva | Fåurma interugatîva | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Preṡänt | Inparfèt | Pasè luntàn | Futûr | Preṡänt | Inparfèt | Pasè luntàn | Futûr | |
Mé | ai ò | avêva | avé | arò | òja? | avêvia? | avéjja? | aròja? |
Té | t è | t avêv | t avéss | t arè | èt? | avêvet? | avésset? | arèt? |
Ló | l à | l avêva | l avé | l arà | èl? | avêvel? | avéll? | arèl? |
Lî | l'à | l'avêva | l'avé | l'arà | èla? | avêvla? | avélla? | arèla? |
Nuèter | avän | avêven | avénn | arän | avaggna? | avêvgna? | avéggna? | araggna? |
Vuèter | avî | avêvi | avéssi | arî | avîv? | avêviv? | avéssiv? | arîv? |
Låur | i/äli an | i/äli avêven | i/äli avénn | i/äli aràn | èni? | avêvni? | avénni? | arèni? |
Persåṅna | Fåurma afermatîva | Fåurma interugatîva | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Congiuntîv | Condiziunèl | Condiziunèl | ||
Preṡänt | Pasè | |||
Mé | ch'ai èva | ch'ai avéss | arêv | aréjja? |
Té | che t èv | che t avéss | t aréss | arésset? |
Ló | ch'l èva | ch'l avéss | l arêv | aréll? |
Lî | ch'l'èva | ch'l'avéss | l'arêv | arélla? |
Nuèter | ch'ai avaggna | ch'ai avéssen | arénn | aréggna? |
Vuèter | ch'ai avèdi | ch'ai avéssi | aréssi | aréssi? |
Låur | ch'i/ch'äli èven | ch'i/ch'äli avéssen | i/äli arénn | arénni? |
Gerund: avànd
Past participle: avó
Imperative: èvet (2nd.sg), avaggna (1st.pl), avêdi (2nd.pl)
Persåṅna | Fåurma afermatîva | Fåurma interugatîva | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Preṡänt | Inparfèt | Pasè luntàn | Futûr | Preṡänt | Inparfèt | Pasè luntàn | Futûr | |
Mé | a mand | a mandèva | a mandé | a mandarò | mandia? | mandèvia? | mandéjja? | mandaròja? |
Té | t mand | t mandèv | t mandéss | t mandarè | mandet? | mandèvet? | mandésset? | mandarèt? |
Ló | al manda | al mandèva | al mandé | al mandarà | mandel? | mandèvel? | mandéll? | mandarèl? |
Lî | la manda | la mandèva | la mandé | la mandarà | mandla? | mandèvla? | mandélla? | mandarèla? |
Nuèter | a mandän | a mandèven | a mandénn | a mandarän | mandaggna? | mandèvgna? | mandéggna? | mandaraggna? |
Vuèter | a mandè | a mandèvi | a mandéssi | a mandarî | mandèv | mandèviv | mandéssiv | mandarîv |
Låur | i/äl manden | i/äl mandèven | i/äl mandénn | i/äl mandaràn | mandni | mandèvni | mandénni | mandarèni |
Persåṅna | Fåurma afermatîva | Fåurma interugatîva | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Congiuntîv | Condiziunèl | Condiziunèl | ||
Preṡänt | Pasè | |||
Mé | ch'a manda | ch'a mandéss | a mandarêv | mandaréjja? |
Té | che t mand | che t mandéss | che t mandaréss | mandarésset? |
Ló | ch'al manda | ch'al mandéss | al mandarêv | mandaréll? |
Lî | che la manda | che la mandéss | la mandarêv | mandarélla? |
Nuèter | ch'a mandaggna | ch'a mandéssen | a mandarénn | mandaréggna? |
Vuèter | ch'a mandèdi | ch'a mandéssi | a mandaréssi | mandaréssiv? |
Låur | ch'i/ch'äl manden | ch'i/ch'äl mandéssen | i/äl mandarénn | mandarénni? |
Gerund: mandànd
Past participle: mandè
Imperative: manda (2nd.sg), mandè (2nd.pl)
Persåṅna | Fåurma afermatîva | Fåurma interugatîva | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Preṡänt | Inparfèt | Pasè luntàn | Futûr | Preṡänt | Inparfèt | Pasè luntàn | Futûr | |
Mé | a pèr | a parêva | a paré | a par-rò | pèria? | parêvia? | paréjja? | par-ròja? |
Té | t pèr | t parêv | t paréss | t par-rè | pèret? | parêvet? | parésset? | par-rèt? |
Ló | al pèr | al parêva | al paré | al par-rà | pèrel? | parêvel? | paréll? | par-rèl? |
Lî | la pèr | la parêva | la paré | la par-rà | pèrla? | parêvla? | parélla? | par-rèla? |
Nuèter | a parän | a parêven | a parénn | a par-rän | paraggna? | parêvgna? | paréggna? | par-raggna? |
Vuèter | a parî | a parêvi | a paréssi | a par-rî | parîv? | parêviv? | paréssiv? | par-rîv? |
Låur | i/äl pèren | i/äl parêven | i/äl parénn | i/äl par-ràn | pèrni? | parêvni | parénni | par-rènni? |
Persåṅna | Fåurma afermatîva | Fåurma interugatîva | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Congiuntîv | Condiziunèl | Condiziunèl | ||
Preṡänt | Pasè | |||
Mé | ch'a pèra | ch'a paréss | a parêv | paréjja? |
Té | che t pèr | che t paréss | t paréss | parésset? |
Ló | ch'al pèra | ch'al paréss | al parêv | paréll? |
Lî | che la pèra | che la paréss | la parêv | parélla? |
Nuèter | ch'a paraggna | ch'a paréssen | a parénn | paréggna? |
Vuèter | ch'a parèdi | ch'a paréssi | a paréssi | paréssiv? |
Låur | ch'i/ch'äl pèren | ch'i/ch'äl paréssen | i/äl parénn | parénni? |
Gerund: parànd
Past participle: pèrs
Imperative: pèr (2nd.sg), parè (2nd.pl)
Persåṅna | Fåurma afermatîva | Fåurma interugatîva | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Preṡänt | Inparfèt | Pasè luntàn | Futûr | Preṡänt | Inparfèt | Pasè luntàn | Futûr | |
Mé | adlîż | adliżêva | adliżé | adliżrò | adliżia? | adliżêvia? | adliżéjja? | adliżròja? |
Té | t adlîż | t adliżêv | t adliżéss | t adliżrè | adliżet? | adliżêvet? | adliżésset? | adliżrèt? |
Ló | l adlîż | l adliżêva | l adliżé | l adliżrà | adliżel? | adliżêvel? | adliżéll? | adliżrèl? |
Lî | l'adlîż | l'adliżêva | l'adliżé | l'adliżrà | adliżla? | adliżêvla? | adliżélla? | adliżrèla? |
Nuèter | adliżän | adliżêven | adliżénn | adliżrän | adliżaggna? | adliżêvgna? | adliżéggna? | adliżraggna? |
Vuèter | adliżî | adliżêvi | adliżéssi | adliżrî | adliżîv? | adliżêviv? | adliżéssiv? | adliżrîv? |
Låur | i/äl adlîżen | i/äl adliżêven | i/äl adliżénn | i/äl adliżràn | adliżni? | adliżêvni? | adliżénni? | adliżrèni? |
Persåṅna | Fåurma afermatîva | Fåurma interugatîva | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Congiuntîv | Condiziunèl | Condiziunèl | ||
Preṡänt | Pasè | |||
Mé | ch'ai adlîża | ch'ai adliżéss | ai adliżrêv | adliżréjja? |
Té | che t adlîż | che t adliżéss | t adliżréss | adliżrésset? |
Ló | ch'l adlîża | ch'l adliżéss | l adliżrêv | adliżréll? |
Lî | ch'l'adlîża | ch'l'adliżéss | l'adliżrêv | adliżrélla? |
Nuèter | ch'ai adliżaggna | ch'ai adliżéssen | ai adliżrénn | adliżréggna? |
Vuèter | ch'ai adliżèdi | ch'ai adliżéssi | ai adliżréssi | adliżréssiv? |
Låur | ch'i/ch'äli adlîżen | ch'i/ch'äli adliżéssen | i/äli adliżrénn | adliżrénni? |
Gerund: adliżànd
Past participle: adlît
Imperative: adlîż (2nd.sg), adliżî (2nd.pl)
Persåṅna | Fåurma afermatîva | Fåurma interugatîva | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Preṡänt | Inparfèt | Pasè luntàn | Futûr | Preṡänt | Inparfèt | Pasè luntàn | Futûr | |
Mé | a finéss | a finêva | a finé | a finirò | finéssia? | finêvia? | finéjja? | finiròja? |
Té | t finéss | t finêv | t finéss | t finirè | finésset? | finêvet? | finésset? | finirèt? |
Ló | al finéss | al finêva | al finé | al finirà | finéssel? | finêvel? | finéll? | finirèl? |
Lî | la finéss | la finêva | la finé | la finirà | finéssela? | finêvla? | finélla? | finirèla? |
Nuèter | a finän | a finêven | a finénn | a finirän | finaggna? | finêvgna? | finéggna? | finiraggna? |
Vuèter | a finî | a finêvi | a finéssi | a finirî | finîv? | finêviv? | finéssiv? | finirîv? |
Låur | i/äl finéssen | i/äl finêven | i/äl finénn | i/äl finiràn | finéssni? | finêvni? | finénni? | finirènni? |
Persåṅna | Fåurma afermatîva | Fåurma interugatîva | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Congiuntîv | Condiziunèl | Condiziunèl | ||
Preṡänt | Pasè | |||
Mé | ch'a finéssa | ch'a finéss | a finirêv | finiréjja? |
Té | che t finéss | che t finéss | t finiréss | finirésset? |
Ló | ch'al finéssa | ch'al finéss | al finirêv | finiréll? |
Lî | che la finéssa | che la finéss | la finirêv | finirélla? |
Nuèter | ch'a finaggna | ch'a finéssen | a finirénn | finiréggna? |
Vuèter | ch'a finèdi | ch'a finéssi | a finiréssi | finiréssiv? |
Låur | ch'i/ch'äl finessen | ch'i/ch'äl finéssen | i/äl finirénn | finirénni? |
Gerund: finànd
Past participle: finé
Imperative: finéss (2nd.sg), finî (2nd.pl)
Cognugaziån dal vêrb magnèr
Cognugaziån interugatîva dal vêrb magnèr
Persåṅna | -èr | -air | Tôr | -îr | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andèr | Fèr | Dèr | Stèr | Savair | Vlair | Psair | Dvair | Dîr | Tgnîr | Vgnîr | ||
Mé | a vâg | a fâg | a dâg | a stâg | a sò | a vói | a pos | a dèv | a tói | a dégg | a téggn | a véggn |
Té | t vè | t fè | t dè | t stè | t sè | t vû | t pû | t dèv | t tû | t dî | t tén | t vén |
Ló/Lî | al/la và | al/la fà | al/la dà | al/la stà | al/la sà | al/la vôl | al/la pôl | al/la dèv | al/la tôl | al/la dîṡ | al/la tén | al/la vén |
Nuèter | a andän | a fän | a dän | a stän | a savän | a vlän | a pulän | a dvän | a tulän | a dṡän | a tgnän | a vgnän |
Vuèter | a andè | a fè | a dè | a stè | a savî | a vlî | a pulî | a dvî | a tulî | a dṡî | a tgnî | a vgnî |
Låur | i/äl van | i/äl fan | i/äl dan | i/äl stan | i/äl san | i/äl vôlen | i/äl pôlen | i/äl dèv | i/äl tôlen | i/äl dîṡen | i/äl téggnen | i/äl véggnen |
The verb andèr has the imperative form of vá.
To construct a reflexive verb, the pronoun es is suffixed into the verb. For example the reflexive of guardèr is guardères or guardèrs. However for verbs ending in -er, it's replaced by -res. For example: scrîver – scrîvres (scriversi) and vàdder – vàddres (vedersi).
Person | Atruvères | Ciamères | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Imperative | Present | Imperative | |
Mé | a m atrôv | atrôvem! | a m ciâm | ciâmem! |
Té | t at atrôv | atrôvet! | t at ciâm | ciâmet! |
Ló | al s atrôva | atrôves! | a(l) s ciâma | ciâmes! |
Lî | la s atrôva | atrôves! | la s ciâm | ciâmes! |
Nuèter | a s atruvän | atruvans! | a s ciamän | ciamans! |
Vuèter | a v atruvè | atruvèv! | a v ciamè | ciamèv! |
Låur | i/äl s atrôven | atrôvens! | i/äl s ciâm | ciâms! |
Verb | -èr | -er | -îr | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andèr | Magnèr | dvintèr | Pêrder | Bâter | Sénter | Partîr | Garantîr | Frîr | |
Past Participle | andè | magnè | dvintè | pirdó | bató | sintó | parté | garanté | fré |
Since the past participle of the following verbs end in a stressed vowel, the form does not change in the feminine nor plural. However, in the countryside, -da is sometimes suffixed to form feminine past participle. The Italian past participle suffix -ato, -uto, -ito generally correspond to the Bolognese -è, -ó, -é respectively. Notable examples include the verb vgnîr (venire) which has the past participle form of vgnó (venuto) and èser (essere) with stè (stato). Irregular forms of past participle such as avêrt, adlît, dezîṡ, pèrs forms the feminine form by suffixing -a at the end of the word becoming avêrta, adlîta, dezîṡa, pèrsa.
bän (bene), cómm (come), acsé (così), mèl (male), giósst (giusto), mé (meglio), insàmm (insieme), pîz (peggio)
incû (oggi), ajîr (ieri), dman (domani), ora (åura), adès (adesso), dåpp (dopo), bèle (già), mâi (mai), sänper (sempre), spass (spesso), sóbbit (subito), allåura (allora), anc (ancora), ed nôv (di nuovo)
là (là), lé (lì), qué (qui), dóvv (dove), såtta (sotto), żå (giù), såuvra (sopra), fòra (fuori), dänter (dentro), foravî / fòra d vî (altrove), dnanz (davanti), drî (dietro), luntàn (lontano)
tant (tanto), pôc (poco), magâra (molto), gnént (niente), manc (meno), pió (più), quant (quanto), quèṡi (quasi), almànc (almeno)
quand? (quando?), quant? (quanto?), cum? (come?), csa? (cosa?), quèl? (quale?), parché? (perché?), dóvv? (dove?)
chisà (chissà), fôrsi (forse), bèle / żà (già), se (se), an (non), nå / nécca (no), sé / ói (sì)
Zéffra | Cardinal / Cardnèl | Ordinal / Urdnèl | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | żèr - żêro | - an i é brîṡa - | ||
1 | ón (♂) | óṅna (♀) | prémm (♂) | prémma (♀) |
2 | dû (♂) | dåu (♀) | secånnd (♂) | secånnda (♀) |
3 | trî (♂) | trai (♀) | têrz (♂) | têrza (♀) |
4 | quâter | quèrt (♂) | quèrta (♀) | |
5 | zénc(v) | quént (♂) | quénta (♀) | |
6 | sî | sèst (♂) | sèsta (♀) | |
7 | sèt | sètum (♂) | sètma (♀) | |
8 | òt | utèv (♂) | utèva (♀) | |
9 | nôv | nôn (♂) | nôna (♀) | |
10 | dîṡ | dêzum (♂) | dêzma (♀) | |
11 | ónng' | quall di ónng' | ||
12 | dågg' | quall di dågg' | ||
13 | tragg' | quall di tragg' | ||
14 | quatôrg' | quall di quatôrg' | ||
15 | quenng' | quall di quénng' | ||
16 | sagg' | quall di sagg' | ||
17 | darsèt | quall di darsèt | ||
18 | dṡdòt | quall di dṡdòt | ||
19 | dṡnôv | quall di dṡnôv | ||
20 | vént | quall di vént | ||
21 | ventión | quall di ventión | ||
30 | tränta | quall di tränta | ||
50 | zincuanta | quall di zincuanta | ||
66 | s-santsî | quall di s-santsî | ||
100 | zänt | quall di zänt | ||
200 | duṡänt | quall di duṡänt | ||
739 | setzänt-träntanôv | quall di setzänt-träntanôv | ||
1000 | méll | quall di méll | ||
1.000.000 | un migliån | quall dal migliån | ||
1.000.000.000 | un miglièrd | quall dal miglièrd |
a n t al dâg brîṡa = non te lo do
ch'an t véggna = che tu non venga
Bolognese dialect, similar to French, uses double negation usually with the particle (a)n before the verb and the word brîṡa after the verb. For verbs beginning with a consonant:
Persåṅna | Èser | Avair | Cantèr |
---|---|---|---|
Mé | a n sån brîṡa | a n ò brîṡa | a n cant brîṡa |
Té | t an î brîṡa | t an è brîṡa | t an cant brîṡa |
Ló | al n é brîṡa | al n à brîṡa | an canta brîṡa |
Lî | la n é brîṡa | la n à brîṡa | la n canta brîṡa |
Nuèter | a n sän brîṡa | a n avän brîṡa | a n cantän brîṡa |
Vuèter | a n sî brîṡa | a n avî brîṡa | a n cantè brîṡa |
Låur | i n én brîṡa | i n an brîṡa | i n cànten brîṡa |
äl n én brîṡa | äl n an brîṡa | i n cànten brîṡa |
Other negation particles include:
Negative Imperative
For 2nd person singular, there are 3 forms:
1. brîṡa + infinitive
2. brîṡa stèr a + infinitive
3. an + infinitive " brîṡa
For other pronouns, the subjunctive is used instead:
When in a sentence the subject of the 3rd person is moved after the verb, the soggetto fittizio ai is always used in the singular. (subject + verb) mî mèder l’arîva = (verb + subject) ai arîva mî mèder
Example:
Used with verb of motion:
Used with intransitive verbs or used as such when introducing a new subject:
It is not used if the subject has already been introduced in the conversation:
Example 1:
Example 2:
It is also used with atmospheric verbs:
Using ai with negation:
Using ai in interrogative sentence (no interrogative pronouns necessary):
Example 1:
Example 2:
Adjectives not directly connected to a noun or to the verb èser are governed by the preposition ed (possibly in the partitive forms).
When the verb piacere or provare governs an infinitive verb, the preposition ed is needed:
When verbs of perception (vàdder to see, sénter to feel) follow an infinitive verb, the preposition "a" is needed:
dire (conjugated) or parlare (conjugated) + a = dîr (conjugated) or dscårrer (conjugated) + con
stare (conjugated) + a = stèr (conjugated) + da (stèr + a carry a different meaning in Bolognese)
dietro + a = drî + da (drî + a carry a different meaning in Bolognese)
The preposition su = só especially in figurative sense or in vatta especially in material sense.
ecco + noun (declension) = (vít)tal (declension) + adverb of distance (qué, lé, là) + noun (declension)
Pronoun | Here's / There's | Examples | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Masculine | (vít)tal qué, lé, là | eccolo | (vít)tal là, sô fiôl | ecco suo figlio |
Feminine | (vít)tla qué, lé, là | eccola | (vít)tla qué, la mî biziclatta | ecco la mia bicicletta | |
Plural | Masculine | (vít)ti qué, lé, là | eccoli | (vít)ti lé, i ragazû | ecco i bambini |
Feminine | (vít)tli qué, lé, là | eccole | (vít)tli qué, äl fórrbṡ | ecco le forbici |
dovere (conjugated) + verb
1. avair (conjugated) + da + verb
2. tgnîr (conjugated) + verb
3. dative pronoun + tuchèr (conjugated) + (e)d + verb (experiencing an external event)
stare (conjugated) + verb (gerund)
1. èser (conjugated) + drî a + verb (infinitive)
2. èser (conjugated) + drî che + verb (indicative)
3. stare (conjugated) + per + verb (infinitive) = èser (conjugated) + drî par + verb (infinitive)
nessuno = inción
1. as adjective: inción takes a plural form inción (masculine) or inciónni (feminine).
2. as pronoun after a verb: inción takes a plural form.
3. as pronoun preceeding a verb: inción takes a singular form. Verbal pronouns aren't required.
Anc, gnanc = anche / ancora, neanche / non ancora
1. Gnanc replaces anc on negative sentences.
2. anc and gnanc becomes anca and gnanca in front of personal pronouns with the exception of nuèter and vuèter.
dove = dóvv or duv
1. Before verbs = duv
2. Elsewhere = dóvv
come = cómm or cum
1. Before verbs = cum
2. Elsewhere = cómm
pronoun + verb + da solo = pronoun + verb + da par + pronoun
The conjunction es indicates contemporaneity or coordination between two actions. It is used between two verbs conjugated with the same subject, instead of e, with the meaning of "and moreover".
The adverb mò is used as an exhortative particle, in an urging manner.
c'è or ci sono = ai é
Bolognese | Italian |
Pèder nòster, | Padre nostro, |
ch't î int al zîl, | Che sei nei cieli, |
ch'al séppa santifichè al tô nómm, | Sia santificato il tuo nome, |
ch'ai véggna al tô raggn, | Venga il tuo regno, |
ch'ai séppa fâta la tô volontè, | Sia fatta la tua volontà, |
cómm in zîl, acsé anc in tèra. | Come in cielo, così in terra. |
Dâs incû al nòster pan d ògni dé, | Dacci oggi il nostro pane quotidiano, |
e dscanzèla i nûster dèbet, | E rimetti a noi i nostri debiti, |
cme nuèter a i dscanzlän ai nûster debitûr, | Come noi li rimettiamo ai nostri debitori, |
e brîsa lasèr ch'a cascaggna in tentaziån, | E non ci indurre in tentazione, |
mo lébbres dal mèl. Âmen. | Ma liberaci dal male. Amen. |