American biplane military training aircraft in use 1934 through WWII
Model 75 (Stearman Kaydet)
Boeing Stearman N7058Q in U.S. Navy markings
Role
Biplane trainerType of aircraft
Manufacturer
Stearman Aircraft /
Boeing
Introduction
1934
Number built
8,584 (includes model 70, 75 and 76)
[1]
Variants
American Airmotive NA-75
The Stearman (Boeing) Model 75 is an American
biplane formerly used as a military
trainer aircraft , of which at least 10,626 were built in the
United States during the 1930s and 1940s.
[2]
Stearman Aircraft became a
subsidiary of
Boeing in 1934. Widely known as the Stearman , Boeing Stearman , or Kaydet , it served as a primary trainer for the
United States Army Air Forces , the
United States Navy (as the NS and N2S), and with the
Royal Canadian Air Force as the Kaydet throughout
World War II . After the conflict was over, thousands of surplus aircraft were sold on the civilian market. In the immediate postwar years, they became popular as
crop dusters and sports planes, and for
aerobatic and
wing walking use in
air shows .
Design and development
A
WAVE in a Boeing Stearman N2S United States Navy training aircraft
United States Navy N2S-2 at
NAS Corpus Christi, 1943
United States Navy NS-1s of the
NAS Pensacola Flight School , 1936
Boeing Stearman E75 (PT-13D) of 1944
Vintage Boeing-Stearman Model 75,
Breitling SA
Boeing Stearman (PT-13D) of the TALOA in
Dirgantara Mandala Museum , Indonesia
Boeing Stearman (PT-13) of the Israeli Air Force
United States Navy N2S ambulance at
NAS Corpus Christi , 1942
Boeing Stearman PT-17, Museum of Historical Studies Institute of Aerospace in Perú – Lima
PT-17 "Kaydet" on display at the
Museum of Aviation ,
Robins AFB
Boeing Stearman PT-17 Kaydet –
Aeronautics Museum of Maracay
In late 1933, Stearman engineers Mac Short, Harold W. Zipp, and J. Jack Clark took a 1931
Lloyd Stearman design, and added
cantilever landing gear and adjustable elevator
trim tabs , to produce the Model 70. Able to withstand +12g and -9g, the aircraft was powered by a 210-hp
Lycoming R-680 , first flew on 1 January 1934, before flight tests were conducted at
Wright Field ,
Naval Air Station Anacostia , and Pensacola. The Navy then requested a similar model built to Navy specifications, including a 200-hp Wright J-5 engine. The resultant Model 73, was designated NS-1 by the Navy, of which 41 were ordered, including enough spares to build another 20 aircraft.
[3]
In the summer of 1934, Stearman engineers refined the Model 73 into the Model X75. The Army Air Corps evaluated the plane that autumn, powered by a 225-hp Wright R-760 or a 225-hp Lycoming R-680. In July 1935, the Army Air Corps ordered 26 with the Lycoming engine, designated the PT-13A, while the navy ordered an additional 20. In August 1936, the Army ordered an additiional 50 PT-13As, followed by another 30 in October, and another 28 in December. Simultaneously, the company received orders for its primary trainer from the Argentinian navy, the
Philippine Army Air Corps , and the Brazilian Air Force. In January 1937, the army ordered another 26 PT-13As.
[3]
On 6 June 1941, the U.S. government issued Approved
Type Certificate No. 743 for the civilian version of the Model 75. Designated the Model A75L3 (PT-13) and Model A75N1 (PT-17), about 60 were sold to civilian flights schools such as
Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology , and for export.
[3] : 148
On 15 March 1941, the company delivered the 1000th trainer to the Army, and the 1001st trainer to the Navy. Then on 27 August 1941, the company delivered the 2000th trainer to the Army. On 27 July 1944, the company delivered its 10,000th primary trainer.
[3] : 145–148, 168
The Kaydet was a conventional biplane of rugged construction, with a large, fixed tailwheel undercarriage, and accommodation for the student and instructor in open
cockpits in tandem. The radial engine was usually not cowled, although some Stearman operators choose to cowl the engine, most notably the
Red Baron Stearman Squadron .
Operational history
Post-war usage
After World War II, thousands of surplus PT-17s were auctioned off to civilians and former military pilots. Many were modified for crop-dusting use, with a hopper for pesticide or fertilizer fitted in place of the front cockpit. Additional equipment included pumps, spray bars, and nozzles mounted below the lower wings. A popular approved modification to increase the maximum takeoff weight and climb performance involved fitting a larger
Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior engine and a
constant-speed propeller .
Variants
Data from: United States Navy aircraft since 1911,
[4] Boeing aircraft since 1916
[5] 8,584 Model 70s, 75s and 76s were built, with additional "spares" bringing the number up to the sometimes quoted 10,346.
[1]
USAAC/USAAF designations
The U.S. Army Air Forces Model 75 Kaydet had three different designations, PT-13, PT-17 and PT-18, depending on which type of radial engine was installed.
PT-13
Initial production version with
Lycoming R-680 -B4B engine, 26 built in 1936
PT-13A Model A75 with R-680-7 engine, 92 delivered from 1937 to 1938.
PT-13B R-680-11 engine, 255 delivered from 1939 to 1941.
PT-13C Six PT-13Bs modified for instrument flying.
PT-13D Model E75 with R-680-17 engine, 793 delivered
PT-17
Version with
Continental R-670 -5 engine, 2,942 delivered.
PT-17A 136 PT-17s modified with blind-flying instrumentation.
PT-17B Three PT-17s modified with agricultural spraying equipment for pest control near army bases.
PT-17C Single PT-17 conversion with standardized Army-Navy equipment.
PT-18
Version with
Jacobs R-755 -7 engine, 150 built. Further production was cancelled as the engines were needed for other types of trainers.
PT-18A Six PT-18s modified with blind-flying instrumentation.
PT-27
USAAF paperwork designation given to 300 D75N1/PT-17 aircraft supplied under
Lend-Lease to the
Royal Canadian Air Force .
US Navy designations
NS
Up to 61 Model 73B1 delivered, powered by 220 hp (160 kW)
Wright J-5/R-790 Whirlwind radials
[6]
N2S
Known colloquially as the "Yellow Peril" from its overall yellow paint scheme.
N2S-1 Model A75N1 with Continental R-670-14 engine, 250 delivered.
N2S-2 Model B75 with Lycoming R-680-8 engine, 125 delivered in 1941.
N2S-3 Model B75N1 with Continental R-670-4 engine, 1,875 delivered.
N2S-4 Model A75N1 with Continental R-670-4 and -5 engines, 457 delivered of 579 ordered, including 99 PT-17s diverted from U.S. Army orders.
N2S-5 Model E75 with Lycoming R-680-17 engine, 1,450 delivered.
Company designations
Stearman 70
Company designation for prototype, powered by 215 hp (160 kW) Lycoming radial engine, designated XPT-943 for evaluation
[7]
Model 73
Initial production version, 61 built for U.S. Navy as NS plus export variants
[6]
Model 73L3
Version for the Philippines, powered by 200 hp (150 kW) R-680-4 or R-680C1 engines, seven built
[8]
Model A73B1
Seven aircraft for
Cuban Air Force powered by 235 hp (175 kW)
Wright R-790 Whirlwind , delivered 1939–1940
[8]
Model A73L3
Improved version for the Philippines, three built
[9]
Stearman 75
(or X75) Evaluated by the U.S. Army as a primary trainer, the X75L3 became the PT-13 prototype. Variants of the 75 formed the PT-17 family.
Stearman 76
Export trainer and armed version of the 75 with a gun ring and one or two fixed forward firing machine guns.
A76B4
5 built for Venezuela.
A76C3
15 built for Brazil.
B76C3
15 built with cameras for Brazil.
76D1
16 built for Argentina and three for Philippines as BT-1.
S76D1
seaplane version of 76D1 for Argentina
76D3
24 built for Philippine Constabulary as BT-1 armed advanced trainer, and 24 built for Cuba.
Other designations
Stearman XPT-943
Designation assigned to the X70 evaluated at Wright Field
Stearman Kaydet
Name used for aircraft in Royal Canadian Air Force service
American Airmotive NA-75
Single-seat agricultural conversion of Model 75, fitted with new, high-lift wings
[10]
Operators
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Brazilian Air Force Model A75L3 and 76.
[14]
Canada
Royal Canadian Air Force received 301 PT-27s under Lend Lease.
[15]
Republic of China
Republic of China Air Force received 150 PT-17s under Lend-Lease,
[16] and 104 refurbished aircraft post war in Taiwan. The ROCAF used them until 1958.
[17]
Colombia
Colombian Air Force
[13]
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Greece
Guatemala
[18]
Honduras
Iran
Imperial Iranian Air Force
[18]
Israel
Israeli Air Force purchased 20 PT-17s.
[19]
Mexico
Mexican Air Force
[18]
Nicaragua
Nicaraguan Air Force [
citation needed ]
Paraguay
Paraguayan Air Force
[13]
Peru
Peruvian Air Force [
citation needed ]
Philippines
Philippine Army Air Corps
[14]
Philippine Air Force
[18]
United States
United States Army Air Corps /
United States Army Air Forces
[14]
United States Marine Corps [
citation needed ]
United States Navy
[14]
Venezuela
Venezuelan Air Force
[14]
Yugoslavia
Yugoslav Air Force
Surviving aircraft
A considerable number of Stearmans remain in flying condition throughout the world, as the type remains a popular sport plane and
warbird .
Argentina
Argentine Naval Aviation N2S-5 preserved in flight condititon
Australia
75-6488 – B75N1 registered as VH-EYC, airworthy, owned by Steven Bradley, South Australia 5134
[20]
75-7462 - B75N1 - registered as VH-PWS, airworthy, owned by Michael Murphy, Royal Aero Club of Victoria.
75-8314 – E75 Registered as VH-USE, airworthy, owned by Raalin, Western Australia 6208
[21]
Austria
Brazil
Canada
Colombia
Iceland
T5-1556 – PT-17 is airworthy with Erling Pétur Erlingsson in
Hafnarfjörður, Capital Region . It is the oldest airplane in Iceland. It was brought to the country in 1941 by the aircraft carrier
USS Wasp and damaged in an accident in 1943.
[39]
[40]
[41]
Indonesia
Israel
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
75-647 – PT-17 airworthy with R. J. S. Jenkins in
Ardmore, Auckland .
[49]
75-2055 – PT-17 airworthy with R. B. Mackley in
Milford .
[50]
75-2100 – PT-17 airworthy with Classic Aircraft Sales Limited in
Blenheim .
[51]
75-2724 – PT-17 airworthy with B. L. Govenlock in
Hastings .
[52]
75-3132 – PT-17 airworthy with the Antonievich Family Trust in
Pukekohe .
[53]
75-3655 – PT-17 airworthy with M. P. Cantlon in
Mount Maunganui .
[54]
75-4245 – PT-17 airworthy with the Strome Farm Trust in
Drury .
[55]
75-5064 – PT-13D airworthy with the Stearman Syndicate in Drury.
[56]
75-5907 – PT-13D airworthy with Stearman 03 Limited in Mount Maunganui.
[57]
75-8025A – N2S-3 airworthy with M. J. Dean in Mount Maunganui.
[58]
Peru
Spain
Switzerland
75-5436 – PT-13D is airworthy, registered as HB-RBG, and based at the Fliegermuseum
Altenrhein .
[61] Built in 1943 and restored to airworthiness in 1989 after sustaining considerable damage during an emergency landing in the grounds of the
Stadler Rail factory in Altenrhein due to engine failure.
[62]
Taiwan
United States
Boeing-Stearman NS2-S at the
Arkansas Air & Military Museum in
Fayetteville, Arkansas
Boeing-Stearman Kaydet at the
Air Zoo
Boeing Stearman at the
Cavanaugh Flight Museum
Boeing Stearman at the
College Park Aviation Museum
Model 70 is airworthy at the
Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum in
Hood River, Oregon . It is the original prototype of the Model 75.
[64]
37-0099 – PT-13A is on static display at the
Museum of Flight in
Seattle, Washington .
[65]
[66]
41-7121 - PT-17 is on static display at the
US Army Aviation Museum in
Fort Novosel, AL .
41-7960 – PT-17 is airworthy at
Mississippi State University in
Starkville, Mississippi . It is used as a research aircraft and glider tow-plane.
[67]
[68]
41-8786 – PT-17 is in storage at the
New England Air Museum in
Windsor Locks, Connecticut .
[69]
41-8882 – PT-17 on static display at the
Pima Air and Space Museum in
Tucson, Arizona .
[70]
41-25254 – PT-17 is airworthy at the
Military Aviation Museum in
Pungo, Virginia .
[71]
[72]
[73]
41-25284 – PT-17 is on static display at the
Hill Aerospace Museum in
Roy, Utah .
[74]
41-25588 – PT-17 is airworthy at the
Charles M. Schulz–Sonoma County Airport in
Santa Rosa, California .
[75] [
failed verification ]
41-25623 – PT-17 is on display at
Patriots Point in
Charleston, South Carolina .[
citation needed ]
42-15687 – PT-27 is on display at the
Vintage Flying Museum in
Fort Worth, Texas .
[76]
42-16365 – PT-17 is on static display at the
Museum of Aviation in
Warner Robins, Georgia .
[77]
[74]
42-16388 – PT-17D is on static display at the
March Field Air Museum near
Riverside, California .
[78]
42-16691 – PT-17 is on static display at the
Castle Air Museum in
Atwater, California .
[74]
42-17591 – PT-13D is on static display at the
Planes of Fame Air Museum in
Chino, California .
[79]
[80]
[81]
42-17724 – PT-13D is on static display at the
National Museum of African American History and Culture in
Washington, DC . It was used in 1944 to train members of the Tuskegee Airmen.
[82]
[83]
[84]
42-17763 – PT-13D is on static display at the Planes of Fame Air Museum in
Valle, Arizona .
[79]
[80]
[85]
42-17800 – PT-13D is on static display at the
National Museum of the United States Air Force in
Dayton, Ohio . This aircraft is the 63rd to last aircraft built and was donated to the museum in 1959 by the
Boeing Aircraft Company , which purchased the Stearman Company in 1934.
[86]
[87]
[88]
3514 – N2S-3 is airworthy with Neil Alan Raaz in
Colleyville, Texas .
[89]
[90]
3558 – N2S-2 is under restoration to airworthy condition at the Planes of Fame Air Museum in Chino, California.
[79]
[80]
[91]
5369 – N2S-3 is on static display at the
National Naval Aviation Museum in
Pensacola, Florida . It was flown by
George H. W. Bush during his initial training as a naval pilot.
[92]
7591 – N2S-3 is airworthy at the
Valiant Air Command Warbird Museum in
Titusville, Florida .
[93]
[94]
7718 – N2S-3 is airworthy at the
Lone Star Flight Museum in
Houston, Texas .
[95]
[96]
15923 – N2S is on static display at the
Carolinas Aviation Museum in
Charlotte, North Carolina .
[97] [
failed verification ]
29981 – N2S-4 is on display at the
Air Zoo in
Kalamazoo, Michigan .
[98]
[99]
38278 – N2S-3 is airworthy at the
Tri-State Warbird Museum in
Batavia, Ohio .
[100]
[101]
38490 – N2S-5 is airworthy at the Lone Star Flight Museum in Houston, Texas.
[95]
[102]
43197 – N2S-5 is under restoration to airworthy condition with the
Commemorative Air Force Utah Wing in
Heber City, Utah .
[103]
[104]
61064 – N2S-5 on static display at the
Udvar-Hazy Center of the
National Air and Space Museum in
Chantilly, Virginia .
[105]
[106]
92468 – N2S-3 is on static display at the
Pacific Aviation Museum Pearl Harbor in
Honolulu, Hawaii . It was flown by George H. W. Bush during his initial training as a naval pilot.
[107]
[108]
75-133 – PT-17 is airworthy at the
Simsbury Airport in
Simsbury, Connecticut .
75-3845 – PT-27 is under restoration to airworthy condition at the
Texas Air Museum in
Slaton, Texas .
[109]
75-7540 - B75N1 is airworthy and resides at the Commemorative Air Force Airbase Arizona, Mesa, Arizona.
75-8498 – N2S-5 is airworthy at the CAF Big Easy Wing in
New Orleans, LA .
[110]
A75N1 – PT-17 is on display at the
College Park Aviation Museum in
College Park, Maryland . It was flown by
Gus McLeod for the first open-cockpit flight over the North Pole.
[111]
N2S-3 is on display at the Western Antique Aeroplane and Automobile Museum in Hood River, Oregon.
[112]
Stearman on display at Scottsdale Airport (KSDL)
Specifications (PT-17)
3-view line drawing of the Boeing N2S-3
Data from United States Military Aircraft since 1909
[113]
General characteristics
Crew: 2
Length: 24 ft 9 in (7.54 m)
Wingspan: 32 ft 2 in (9.80 m)
Height: 9 ft 8 in (2.95 m)
Wing area: 298 sq ft (27.7 m2 )
Empty weight: 1,931 lb (876 kg)
Max takeoff weight: 2,635 lb (1,195 kg)
Fuel capacity: 46 US gal (38 imp gal; 170 L)
Powerplant: 1 ×
Continental R-670-5 7-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 220 hp (160 kW)
Propellers: 2-bladed fixed-pitch propeller
Performance
Maximum speed: 124 mph (200 km/h, 108 kn)
Cruise speed: 96 mph (154 km/h, 83 kn)
Service ceiling: 13,200 ft (4,000 m)
Time to altitude: 10,000 ft (3,000 m) in 17 minutes 18 seconds
Wing loading: 9.9 lb/sq ft (48 kg/m2 )
In popular culture
An iconic movie image is a Stearman cropduster chasing Cary Grant across a field in
North by Northwest (the airplane that chased Grant was actually a
Naval Aircraft Factory N3N Canary ; the plane that hits the truck is a Stearman).[
citation needed ]
A heavily modified PT-17 variant was used as the Tornado in the Sonic The Hedgehog 2 Film.
See also
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
References
Notes
^
a
b Bowers, 1989, p.255
^
National Museum of the United States Air Force gives the figure 10,346 but this includes the equivalent airframes in manufactured spare parts.
^
a
b
c
d Phillips, Edward (2006). Stearman Aircraft: A Detailed History . North Branch, MN: specialtypress. pp. 118–126.
ISBN
9781580070874 .
^
^ Bowers, Peter M. (1989). Boeing aircraft since 1916 (3rd ed.). Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 251–269.
ISBN
978-0870210372 .
^
a
b Bowers 1989, pp. 252–253.
^ Bowers 1989, pp. 251–252.
^
a
b Bowers 1989, p. 253.
^ Bowers 1989, p. 254.
^ Taylor 1965, p. 178.
^ Bowers 1989, p. 268.
^
a
b Núñez Padín, Jorge (2000).
"BOEING STEARMAN N2S KAYDET" . Fuerzas Navales (in Spanish). Jorge N. Padín. Archived from
the original on 2014-05-17. Retrieved 2014-05-16 .
^
a
b
c
d
e
f Andrade 1979, p. 159
^
a
b
c
d
e Andrade 1979, p. 158
^ Bowers 1989, p. 265.
^ Bowers 1989, p. 262.
^ Bowers 1989, pp. 260–261.
^
a
b
c
d
e
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^ Nordeen 1991, p. 27.
^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^ Vlaanderen, Annelies (2020-05-17).
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^
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^
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^
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^
"Boeing-Stearman A75N1 75-2100" .
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^
"Boeing-Stearman A75N1 75-2724" .
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^
"Boeing-Stearman A75N1 75-3132" .
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^
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^
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^
"Boeing-Stearman A75N1 75-5064" .
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
a
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a
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^
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^
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a
b
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.
Bibliography
Andrade, John. U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909 , Midland Counties Publications, 1979,
ISBN
0 904597 22 9
Avis, Jim and Bowman, Martin. Stearman: A Pictorial History . Motorbooks, 1997.
ISBN
0-7603-0479-3 .
Bowers, Peter M. Boeing Aircraft since 1916 . London:Putnam, 1989.
ISBN
0-85177-804-6 .
Nordeen, Lon. Fighters Over Israel . London: Guild Publishing, 1991.
Phillips, Edward H. Stearman Aircraft: A Detailed History . Specialty Press, 2006.
ISBN
1-58007-087-6 .
Sapienza, Antonio Luis (May 2001). "L'aviation militare paraguayenne durant la seconde guerre mondiale" [Paraguayan Military Aviation During the Second World War]. Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire (in French) (98): 30–33.
ISSN
1243-8650 .
Swanborough, F.G. and Peter M. Bowers. United States Military Aircraft since 1909 . London: Putnam, 1963.
Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965–66 . London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1965.
United States Air Force Museum . Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Air Force Museum Foundation. 1975.
Videography
Stearman, Lloyd. Stearmans, You Gotta Love Them . Lap Records, 2005. (
NTSC Format)
External links
Aircraft Military designations Companies
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