Attalus_II_Philadelphus References

Attalus II "Brother-Loving"
Attalus II "Brother-Loving"
	Statue of Attalus II
King of Pergamon
Reign	159-138 BC
Predecessor	Eumenes II
Successor	Attalus III
Born	220 BC
Died	138 BC (Aged 81-82); Pergamon
Spouse	Stratonice
Greek	Άτταλος Β΄ Φιλάδελφος
Dynasty	Attalid dynasty
Father	Attalus I
Mother	Apollonis
Religion	Greek Polytheism

Attalus II Philadelphus ( Greek: Ἄτταλος ὁ Φιλάδελφος, Attalos II Philadelphos, which means "Attalus the brother-loving"; 220–138 BC) was a ruler of the Attalid kingdom of Pergamon and the founder of the city of Attalia ( Antalya).

Family

He was the second son of Attalus I Soter and queen Apollonis of Cyzicus,^[1] and ascended the throne first as co-ruler alongside his ailing brother Eumenes II in 160 BC, whose widow Stratonice of Pergamon he married in 158 BC upon Eumenes' death.^[2]

Biography

Prior to becoming king, Attalus was already an accomplished military commander. In 192 BC he was sent by his brother Eumenes to Rome to warn against Antiochus III. In 190 BC, he was present in the Battle of Magnesia^[3] which resulted in a defeat against the Seleucids. Around 189 BC he led his forces to fight alongside the Roman Army under Gnaeus Manlius Vulso in Galatia.^[4] From 182-179 BC, he successfully defeated the Kingdom of Pontus under Pharnaces I,^[5] gaining some territory. In 172, Eumenes, returning from a visit to Rome, was attacked near Cirrha and was believed to be dead. Attalus, upon learning of this, married his brother's widow Stratonice and became king of Pergamon. When his brother returned, he divorced Stratonice and ceded the power to his elder brother without a fight.^[6]

Attalus II also made frequent diplomatic visits to Rome, and sent frequent envoys such as Andronicus of Pergamum, gaining the esteem of the Romans. At one point, they offered him assistance to overthrow his brother, but he declined.^[7] When his brother died in 159 BC, his nephew was too young to rule at the time, so he ascended the throne as regent and married Stratonice once again. The Romans had assisted him in his own battles against Prusias II in 156–154 BC. In the summer of 152, he, Ptolemy VI, Ariarathes V, and Rome, helped the pretender Alexander Balas to seize the Seleucid throne from Demetrius I^[8] and in 149 BC, he helped Nicomedes II Epiphanes to seize the Bithynian throne from his father Prusias II.^[9]

Attalus expanded his kingdom with the help of his good friend Ariarathes V of Cappadocia, and founded the cities of Philadelphia and Attalia ( Antalya). He was well known as a patron of the arts and sciences, and was the inventor of a new kind of embroidery.

In his old age, he relied upon his chief minister, named Philopoemen (Φιλοποίμην), to help him govern. He repelled a raid by the Parthians.

He was succeeded by his nephew Attalus III upon his death.

Notes

^ Polybius, 22.20.
^ Strabo, 13.4.2; Hansen, pp. 44–45; Hurwit, p. 271.
^ Livius. Attalus II Philadelphus. He is present during the battle of Magnesia
^ Livius. Attalus II Philadelphus. supports the Roman commander Manlius Vulso during his war against the Galatians.
^ Livius. Attalus II Philadelphus. War against king Pharnaces of Pontus; territorial gains.
^ Livius. Attalus II Philadelphus. On his return, Eumenes is attacked near Cirrha, and believed to be death. Attalus II becomes king and marries queen Stratonice. When Eumenes returns, Attalus cedes power.
^ Livius. Attalus II Philadelphus. During the Third Macedonian War, the Romans start to distrust Eumenes and try to make Attalus king, but he is not willing to betray his brother.
^ Livius. Attalus II Philadelphus. Summer 152: Attalus II, together with Ariarathes V of Cappadocia, the Egyptian king Ptolemy VI Philometor, and Rome, support Alexander I Balas, usurper in the Seleucid Empire.
^ Livius. Attalus II Philadelphus. Attalus supports Nicomedes, who overthrows his father Prusias II of Bithynia.

References

Hansen, Esther V. (1971). The Attalids of Pergamon. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-0615-3.
Polybius, Histories, Evelyn S. Shuckburgh (translator); London, New York. Macmillan (1889); Reprint Bloomington (1962).
Strabo, Geography, Books 13–14, translated by Horace Leonard Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. (1924) ISBN 0-674-99246-6.

Regnal titles
Preceded by Eumenes II	King of Pergamon 159–138 BC	Succeeded by Attalus III

[1] Polybius, 22.20.

[Strabo_tuftus-2] Strabo, 13.4.2; Hansen, pp. 44–45; Hurwit, p. 271.

[3] Livius. Attalus II Philadelphus. He is present during the battle of Magnesia

[4] Livius. Attalus II Philadelphus. supports the Roman commander Manlius Vulso during his war against the Galatians.

[5] Livius. Attalus II Philadelphus. War against king Pharnaces of Pontus; territorial gains.

[6] Livius. Attalus II Philadelphus. On his return, Eumenes is attacked near Cirrha, and believed to be death. Attalus II becomes king and marries queen Stratonice. When Eumenes returns, Attalus cedes power.

[7] Livius. Attalus II Philadelphus. During the Third Macedonian War, the Romans start to distrust Eumenes and try to make Attalus king, but he is not willing to betray his brother.

[8] Livius. Attalus II Philadelphus. Summer 152: Attalus II, together with Ariarathes V of Cappadocia, the Egyptian king Ptolemy VI Philometor, and Rome, support Alexander I Balas, usurper in the Seleucid Empire.

[9] Livius. Attalus II Philadelphus. Attalus supports Nicomedes, who overthrows his father Prusias II of Bithynia.

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v t e Hellenistic rulers
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Lysimachids	Lysimachus Ptolemy Epigonos
Attalids	Philetaerus Eumenes I Attalus I Eumenes II Attalus II Attalus III Eumenes III
Greco-Bactrians	Diodotus I Diodotus II Euthydemus I Demetrius I Euthydemus II Antimachus I Pantaleon Agathocles Demetrius II Eucratides I Plato Eucratides II Heliocles I
Indo-Greeks	Demetrius I Antimachus I Pantaleon Agathocles Apollodotus I Demetrius II Antimachus II Menander I Zoilos I Agathokleia Lysias Strato I Antialcidas Heliokles II Polyxenos Demetrius III Philoxenus Diomedes Amyntas Epander Theophilos Peukolaos Thraso Nicias Menander II Artemidoros Hermaeus Archebius Telephos Apollodotus II Hippostratos Dionysios Zoilos II Apollophanes Strato II Strato III
Monarchs of Bithynia	Boteiras Bas Zipoetes I Nicomedes I Zipoetes II Etazeta (regent) Ziaelas Prusias I Prusias II Nicomedes II Nicomedes III Nicomedes IV Socrates Chrestus
Monarchs of Pontus	Mithridates I Ctistes Ariobarzanes Mithridates II Mithridates III Pharnaces I Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos with Laodice Mithridates V Euergetes Mithridates VI Eupator Pharnaces II Darius Arsaces Polemon I Pythodorida Polemon II
Monarchs of Commagene	Ptolemaeus Sames II Mithridates I Antiochus I Mithridates II Antiochus II Mithridates III Antiochus III Antiochus IV
Monarchs of Cappadocia	Ariarathes I Ariarathes II Ariamnes II Ariarathes III Ariarathes IV Ariarathes V Orophernes Ariarathes VI Ariarathes VII Ariarathes VIII Ariarathes IX Ariobarzanes I Ariobarzanes II Ariobarzanes III Ariarathes X Archelaus
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