This article is about the Seleucid King of the third century BC. For the king of Commagene of the first century BC, see
Antiochus I Theos of Commagene.
Antiochus I Soter (
Greek: Ἀντίοχος Σωτήρ, Antíochos Sōtér; "Antiochus
the Savior";
c. 324/3 – 2 June 261 BC) was a Macedonian king of the
Seleucid Empire.[2] Antiochus succeeded his father
Seleucus I Nicator in 281 BC and reigned during a period of instability which he mostly overcame until his death on 2 June 261 BC.[3] He is the last known ruler to be attributed the ancient Mesopotamian title
King of the Universe.[4]
Biography
Antiochus's father was
Seleucus I Nicator[5][6] and his mother was
Apama, daughter of
Spitamenes,[7][8] being one of the princesses whom
Alexander the Great had given as wives to his generals in 324 BC.[9][10] The Seleucids fictitiously claimed that Apama was the daughter of
Darius III, in order to legitimise themselves as the inheritors of both the Achaemenids and Alexander, and therefore the rightful lords of western and central Asia.[11]
In 294 BC, prior to the death of his father
Seleucus I, Antiochus married his stepmother,
Stratonice, daughter of
Demetrius Poliorcetes. The ancient sources report that his elderly father reportedly instigated the marriage after discovering that his son was in danger of dying of
lovesickness.[12] Stratonice bore five children to Antiochus: Seleucus (later executed for rebellion), Laodice,
Apama II,
Stratonice II and
Antiochus II Theos, who succeeded his father as king.
The Ruin of Esagila Chronicle, dated between 302 and 281 BC, mentions that a crown prince, most likely Antiochus, decided to rebuild the ruined
Babylonian temple
Esagila, and made a sacrifice in preparation. However, while there, he stumbled on the rubble and fell. He then ordered his troops to destroy the last of the remains.[13]
On the assassination of his father in 281 BC, the task of holding together the empire was a formidable one. A revolt in
Syria broke out almost immediately. Antiochus was soon compelled to make peace with his father's murderer,
Ptolemy Keraunos, apparently abandoning
Macedonia and
Thrace. In
Anatolia he was unable to reduce
Bithynia or the Persian dynasties that ruled in
Cappadocia.[10]
In 278 BC the
Gauls broke into Anatolia, and a victory that Antiochus won over these Gauls by using Indian
war elephants (275 BC) is said to have been the origin of his title of Soter (
Greek for "saviour").[10]
At the end of 275 BC the question of
Coele-Syria, which had been open between the houses of Seleucus and
Ptolemy since the partition of 301 BC, led to hostilities (the
First Syrian War). It had been continuously in
Ptolemaic occupation, but the
house of Seleucus maintained its claim. War did not materially change the outlines of the two kingdoms, though frontier cities like
Damascus and the coast districts of Asia Minor might change hands.[10]
In 268 BC Antiochus I laid the foundation for the Ezida Temple in
Borsippa.[18] His eldest son Seleucus had ruled in the east as viceroy from c. 275 BC until 268/267 BC; Antiochus put his son to death in the latter year on the charge of rebellion. Around 262 BC Antiochus tried to break the growing power of
Pergamum by force of arms, but suffered defeat near
Sardis and died soon afterwards.[10] He was succeeded in 261 BC by his second son
Antiochus II Theos.[19]
Antiochus I maintained friendly diplomatic relations with
Bindusara, ruler of the
Maurya Empire of India.
Deimachos of Plateia was the ambassador of Antiochus at the court of Bindusara. The 3rd century Greek writer
Athenaeus, in his Deipnosophistae, mentions an incident that he learned from
Hegesander's writings: Bindusara requested Antiochus to send him sweet
wine, dried
figs and a
sophist. Antiochus replied that he would send the wine and the figs, but the Greek laws forbade him to sell a sophist.[22][23]
And even this conquest [preaching Buddhism] has been won by the Beloved of the Gods here and in all the borderlands, as far as six hundred
yojanas (5,400–9,600 km) away, where Antiochus, king of the
Yavanas [Greeks] rules, and beyond this Antiochus four kings named
Ptolemy,
Antigonos,
Magas and
Alexander rule.[25]
Ashoka also claims that he encouraged the development of
herbal medicine, for men and animals, in the territories of the Hellenic kings:
Everywhere within Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi's [Ashoka's] domain, and among the people beyond the borders, the
Cholas, the
Pandyas, the Satiyaputras, the Keralaputras, as far as
Tamraparni and where the Greek king Antiochus rules, and among the kings who are neighbors of Antiochos, everywhere has Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, made provision for two types of medical treatment: medical treatment for humans and medical treatment for animals. Wherever medical herbs suitable for humans or animals are not available, I have had them imported and grown. Wherever medical roots or fruits are not available I have had them imported and grown. Along roads I have had wells dug and trees planted for the benefit of humans and animals.[26]
Alternatively, the Greek king mentioned in the Edict of Ashoka could also be Antiochus's son and successor,
Antiochus II Theos, although the proximity of Antiochus I with the East may makes him a better candidate.[24]
^Magill, Frank N. et al. (1998), The Ancient World: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 1, Pasadena, Chicago, London,: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Salem Press, p. 1010,
ISBN0-89356-313-7.
^Holt, Frank L. (1989), Alexander the Great and Bactria: the Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia, Leiden, New York, Copenhagen, Cologne: E. J. Brill, pp 64–65 (see footnote #63 for a discussion on
Spitamenes and
Apama),
ISBN90-04-08612-9.
^Lyonnet, Bertille (2012). "Questions on the Date of the Hellenistic Pottery from Central Asia (Ai Khanoum, Marakanda and Koktepe)". Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia. 18: 143–173.
doi:
10.1163/157005712X638672.
^Martinez-Seve, Laurianne (2014). "The Spatial Organization of Ai Khanoum, a Greek City in Afghanistan". American Journal of Archaeology. 118 (2): 267–283.
doi:
10.3764/aja.118.2.0267.
S2CID194685024.
^
abJarl Charpentier, "Antiochus, King of the Yavanas" Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London6.2 (1931: 303–321) argues that the Antiochus mentioned was unlikely to be Antiochus II, during whose time relations with India were broken by the Parthian intrusion and the independence of Diodotus in Bactria, and suggests instead the half-Iranian
Antiochus I, with stronger connections in the East.