From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Science-related events during 2022
Overview of the events of 2022 in science
The following
scientific events occurred in
2022 .
Events
3 January: A free online index with
metadata about over 200 million scientific documents is launched, OpenAlex.
[1] The graphs
(full) show one visualization of recent developments of science overall
based on this data (fewer papers may not be associated with decreasing success, priority, impact or activity).
[2]
January
February
March
April
5 April: A study suggests that if
"quintessence" is an explanation for dark-energy and current data is true as well,
the world may start to end within the next 100 My, during which
accelerating expansion of the Universe would inverse to contraction (a
cyclic model ).
6 April: The first known dinosaur fossil linked to the actual day of the Chicxulub impact is reported.
6 April
U.S. Space Command , based on information collected from its
planetary defense sensors, confirms the detection of the first known
interstellar object . The purported interstellar meteorite, technically known as
CNEOS 2014-01-08 , impacted Earth in 2014, and was determined, based on its
hyperbolic trajectory and estimated initial
high velocity , to be from beyond the
Solar System . The 2014 meteorite was detected three years earlier than the more recent and widely known interstellar objects,
ʻOumuamua in 2017 and
2I/Borisov in 2019.
[22]
[23]
[24] Further related studies were reported on 1 September 2023.
[25]
[26]
The first known
dinosaur
fossil linked to the very day of the
Chicxulub impact is reported by paleontologists at the
Tanis site in North Dakota.
[27]
One science journalist reflects on the global management of the
COVID-19 pandemic in relation to science, investigating
the question "Why the
WHO took two years to say
COVID is airborne "
[28] – a finding hundreds of scientists reaffirmed in an
open letter in July 2020
[29] – with one indication that this may be one valid major concern to many expert scientists being several writings published by news outlets.
[30]
[31]
A study decodes electrical
communication
between fungi into word-like
components via spiking characteristics.
[32]
[33]
[34]
[35]
Researchers demonstrate semi-automated testing for
reproducibility (
which is lacking especially in cancer research ) via extraction of statements about experimental results in, as of 2022
non-semantic , gene expression cancer research papers and subsequent testing with breast cancer cell lines via
robot scientist "
Eve ".
[36]
6 April: A study decodes electrical
communication
between fungi into word-like
components .
22 April: A study outlines rationale for
space governance of satellites /
space debris similar to terrestrial
environmental regulations .
26 April: Results of the 'Global
Carbon Budget 2021' pass
peer-review , showing problematic continuation of GHG emissions trends.
[60]
16 April – A
review suggests that global prevalence of
long COVID conditions after infection could be as high as 43%, with the most common symptoms being
fatigue and memory problems.
[61]
[62]
19 April –
NASA publishes its
Planetary Science Decadal Survey for 2023-2032. The future mission recommendations include a
Uranus orbiter (the first visit to the planet since
1986 ) and the
Enceladus Orbilander (landing in the early 2050s).
[63]
[64]
20 April
21 April – Researchers discover that humans are interrupting a 66-million-years-old feature of
ecosystems , the relationship between diet and body mass, by driving the
largest vertebrate animals towards
extinction , which they suggest could have unpredictable consequences.
[69]
[70]
[71]
22 April
25 April
26 April
Scientists report the detection of
purine and
pyrimidine
nucleobases in several
meteorites , including
guanine ,
adenine ,
cytosine ,
uracil and
thymine , and claim that such meteoritic nucleobases could serve as "building blocks of
DNA and
RNA on the
early Earth ".
[88]
The Global Carbon Budget 2021 concludes that fossil CO2 emissions rebounded by around +4.8% relative to 2020 emissions – returning to 2019 levels, identifies three major issues for improving reliable accuracy of monitoring, shows that China and India surpassed 2019 levels (by 5.7% and 3.2%) while the EU and the US stayed beneath 2019 levels (by 5.3% and 4.5%), quantifies various changes and trends, for the first time provides models' estimates that are linked to the official country
GHG inventories reporting, and shows that the remaining
carbon budget at 1. Jan 2022 for a 50% likelihood to
limit global warming to 1.5 °C is 120 GtC (420 GtCO2 ) – or 11 years of 2021 emissions levels.
[60]
Scientists propose and preliminarily evaluate a likely transgressed
planetary boundary for in the
water cycle ,
measured by root-zone soil moisture deviation from Holocene variability .
[89] [
additional citation(s) needed ] A study published one day earlier integrates "green water" along with "blue water" into an index to measure and project
water scarcity in
agriculture
for climate change scenarios .
[90]
[91]
27 April
28 April
May
12 May:
Sagittarius A* , black hole in the
Galactic Center of the Milky Way, revealed by the Event Horizon Telescope team
12 May: Researchers identify the 425 biggest fossil fuel extraction projects globally, 40% of which haven't yet started extraction, that threaten
climate change mitigation of global climate goals.
18 May and 2 May: Two separate studies show how two
twin-universe cosmological models could each explain specific open problems
of physics or
cosmology .
11 May
12 May
17 May
18 May
NASA reports that the
Voyager 1 spacecraft, the farthest human-made object, is sending data that does not reflect what is happening on board with the antenna apparently remaining in its prescribed orientation to Earth.
[166]
[167] On 17 June, it was reported that NASA is preparing to power down the two Voyager spacecraft in the hope of using the remaining power to extend their operation to about 2030.
[168]
A study shows how a
Twin-world models cosmological model – already extensively studied to find out why gravity appears much weaker than other known forces – could explain the
Hubble constant (H0 ) tension via interactions between the two worlds. The "mirror world" would contain copies of all existing fundamental particles.
[169]
[170] On 2 May, another twin/pair-world or "bi-worlds"
cosmology is shown to theoretically be able to solve the
cosmological constant (Λ) problem , closely related to
dark energy : two interacting worlds with a large Λ each resulting in a small shared effective Λ.
[171]
[172]
[173] Previous similar models e.g. attempt to explain the baryon asymmetry – why there was more matter than antimatter at the beginning –
with a mirror anti-universe .
[174]
[175]
[176]
21 May:
Graphyne is synthesised for the first time.
21 May: The World Health Organization confirms a
monkeypox outbreak in 12 non-endemic countries.
30 May:
Frontier is confirmed as the world's first exascale supercomputer.
June
1 June: A study substantiates a novel
theory of ageing – clonal diversity loss of
hematopoietic
stem cells – which could enable
healthy aging .
3 June: The global CO2 level exceeds the milestone of being 50% greater than in the pre-industrial era
1 June – A study shows the clonal diversity of
stem cells that
produce blood cells gets drastically reduced around age 70 , substantiating
a novel
theory of ageing which could enable
healthy aging .
[224]
[225]
2 June – First success of a clinical trial for a
3D bioprinted transplant , an
external ear to treat
microtia ,
[226] that is made from the patient's own cells is reported.
[227]
3 June – The
NOAA reports that the global concentration of
carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is now 50% greater than in pre-industrial times, and is likely at a level last seen
4.1 to 4.5 million years ago , at 421 parts per million (ppm).
[228]
5 June – Progress in the
treatment of cancer : A very small trial shows complete remission of a type of
colorectal cancer without surgery and radiation in all 12 patients.
[229]
[230] On the same day, results of a trial show that
trastuzumab deruxtecan therapy for
HER2 -low metastatic
breast cancer exceeded results from
chemotherapy .
[231]
[232] The synthesis of ERX-41, a novel compound that has shown promise in eliminating
cancer cells , is reported (2 June).
[233] Researchers describe a new light-activated '
photoimmunotherapy ' for
brain cancer
in vitro . They believe it could join surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy as a fifth major form of cancer treatment (16 June).
[234]
[235]
6 June – Cats are added to the
list of animals that can get SARS-CoV-2 and spread it back to humans , albeit the transmission is considered uncommon
[236]
[237] and not to be a source of
variants of concern since the August 2021 detection.
24 June: Early
2022 monkeypox outbreak research finds the "presumably slow-evolving"
DNA virus has evolved roughly 6–12-fold more mutations than one would expect.
24 June: NASA publishes images showing an unexpected double crater from what is thought to be the first time human
space debris – likely by a spent
rocket body – unintentionally
hit the lunar surface on 4 March .
8 June
9 June
10 June – The core of the
globular cluster
NGC 3201 is shown to harbor a sub-cluster of nearly a hundred
black holes . The same study also confirms that the globular cluster
NGC 6397 has ejected most of its original black hole population, and its inner mass excess is composed by hundreds of massive
white dwarfs .
[250]
[251]
13 June –
Science and the
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine : Groups of academics report how global
science community could help Ukraine via an action plan, including for helping organizing (re)vitalization of
Ukrainian science and reconstruction in the future.
[252] On the same day, a researcher outlined a number of possible major
policy -based actions that could mitigate the energy and resource crises caused or exacerbated by the war.
[253] Russian space agency
Roscosmos announces the intent to, unilaterally and hazardously, take over paused telescope
eROSITA , launched in collaboration with Germany (4 June).
[254] A science journalist outlines some of the
food system -related
environmental impacts of the war (21 June).
[255] A study reports a number of humanitarian,
economic, and financial impacts of the war (23 June).
[256]
15 June
Astronomers identify
J1144 as the fastest-growing
black hole of the last nine billion years, consuming matter equivalent to one Earth every second, as well as being the most luminous quasi-stellar object of that period.
[257]
[258]
[259]
Researchers report
Lac-Phe as the most significantly induced circulating
metabolite in two animal models of
exercise which – including via chronic administration – reduces food intake and suppresses obesity.
[260]
[261]
20 June
21 June – The inability to
stand on one leg for 10 seconds in mid to later life is linked to a near-doubling in the risk of death from any cause within the next 10 years.
[267]
[268]
22 June
23 June
24 June
25 June – A study indicates that the
Arctic is warming four times faster than global warming now, substantially faster than current
CMIP6 models could project.
[301]
[302]
27 June
28 June
30 June
Samsung announces the first mass production of computer chips using a
3 nm process. These feature a
gate-all-around
transistor architecture that reduces power consumption by up to 45%, improves performance by 23% and reduces area by 16% compared to 5 nm.
[314]
Researchers, health organizations and regulators are discussing, and partly recommending
COVID-19 vaccine boosters that mix the original vaccine formulation with
Omicron -adjusted parts – such as
spike proteins of a specific Omicron subvariant – to better prepare the immune system to recognize a wide variety of
variants amid substantial and ongoing immune evasion by Omicron.
[315]
July
1 July: A new
CRISPR gene editing/repair tool alternative to fully active Cas9 is reported.
12 July: The 'cosmic cliffs' of the
Carina Nebula : One of the first images to be released from the now fully operational
James Webb Space Telescope .
1 July
4 July – Scientists report that
heatwaves
in western Europe are increasing "three-to-four times faster compared to the rest of over the past 42 years" and that can explain their increase.
[320]
[321]
5 July – The
Large Hadron Collider commences its Run 3 physics season. The LHCb collaboration observes three never-before-seen particles: a new kind of "
pentaquark " and the first-ever pair of "
tetraquarks ", which includes a new type of tetraquark.
[322]
6 July – A study suggests that the marginal effectiveness of a fourth
COVID-19 vaccine dose (a second "booster") versus three doses can be 40% (24% to 52%) against severe disease outcomes.
[323]
[324] There is no scientific consensus about the efficacy and overall recommendabilities of a fourth dose.
[325] The
CDC recommended such in March only for "certain immunocompromised individuals and people over the age of 50".
[326]
[327]
11 & 25 July:
Deep learning systems learn intuitive basic physics similar to infants and
any physics via potential variables-identification from
only visual data (of virtual 3D environments).
7 July
8 July – Astronomers report the discovery of massive amounts of
prebiotic molecules , including precursors for
RNA , in the
Galactic Center of the
Milky Way Galaxy .
[332]
[333]
9 July – Researchers report the development of an efficient, secure and convenient method to separate, purify, store and transport large amounts of
hydrogen for energy storage in renewables-based energy systems as powder using
ball milling .
[334]
[335]
11 July
12 July –
NASA releases the first suite of images from the now fully operational
James Webb Space Telescope ,
[344] a day after releasing the
Webb's First Deep Field , the image of
early universe with the highest resolution.
[345] On 14 July, NASA presents images of
Jupiter and related areas captured, for the first time, and including
infrared views, by the telescope.
[346] On 19 July, scientists report what could be the earliest and most distant galaxy ever discovered,
GLASS-z12 .
[347]
[348]
[349]
13 July
25 July: Researchers introduce and demonstrate .
28 July: AI company
DeepMind reports that its
AlphaFold program has determined the likely
structure of nearly every protein known to science.
18 July
20 July – Scientists report that
SARS-CoV-2 builds
tunneling nanotubes from nose cells to gain access
to the brain .
[367]
[368]
21 July
A potential
gene therapy cure for
haemophilia B , which corrects the genetic defect associated with the condition is announced with trial results by doctors. It caused a sustained increase in factor IX activity in 9 of 10 patients in the small trial.
[369]
[370]
Sunspot AR3060 explodes early in the morning. It releases a C-5 class
solar flare , and a "solar tsunami". The
NOAA predicts that a geomagnetic storm from this event will strike the Earth on 23 July, between 0000 UTC and 0400 UTC, as a G2 class storm, with a slight chance of a G3 storm.
Aurorae could be visible as far south as 50° N latitude.
[371]
[372]
[373] [
needs update ]
Researchers report the development of
deep learning software that can
design proteins that contain prespecified functional sites.
[374]
[375]
23 July – The
World Health Organization (WHO) declares the recent
monkeypox outbreak a
Public Health Emergency of International Concern , as the number of reported cases worldwide exceeds 17,000.
[376] In July, scientists reported that the window to be able to contain the outbreak is closing or has closed.
[377]
[378] On 5 July, a
preprint indicates there can be asymptomatic infections.
[379] On 27 July, an analysis of studies
by a journalist indicates that "about 10-to-15% of cases have been hospitalized, mostly for pain and bacterial infections that can occur as a result of monkeypox lesions".
[380] Studies published in August indicated hospitalizations of small cohorts of early patients were 8%
[381] and 13%.
[382]
25 July
26 July – Scientists analyse 2.8 million of the sequenced
SARS-CoV-2 genomes and use the results to compile a 'mutations blacklist' of virus weak spots, and a 'whitelist' of mutations that would make it more transmissible.
[387]
[388]
27 July – Progress towards a
pan coronavirus vaccine is announced, following tests on mice. Antibodies targeting the S2 subunit of
SARS-CoV-2 's
spike protein are found to neutralise multiple coronavirus variants.
[389]
[390]
28 July
29 July
In a
preprint , scientists from
the Galileo Project describe a planned expedition to retrieve small fragments of interstellar meteor
CNEOS 2014-01-08 , which "appears to be rare both in composition and in speed" and is not ruled out to be "extraterrestrial equipment",
[402] using a magnetic sled on the seafloor of the impact region.
[403]
[404]
A study, that reanalyzes data used in
a study by DeSilva et al. (2021) , indicates that
human brain size did not decrease over the last three thousand years as suggested by this study nor within 300 ka as suggested by other studies. It concludes that "the samples need to be specific enough to test the hypothesis across different times and populations".
[405]
[406]
August
1 August: Researchers report that
the risk of
climate change (indirectly) resulting in worldwide
societal collapse , or possibly eventual
human extinction , is a "dangerously underexplored"
global
topic .
[407]
1 August
2 August
3 August – Scientists report an
organ perfusion system that can restore, i.e. on the cellular level, multiple vital (pig) organs one hour after death (during which the body had warm
ischaemia ),
[425]
[426] after reporting a similar method/system for reviving (pig) brains hours after death in 2019.
[425]
[427] This could be used to preserve
donor organs or for revival in medical emergencies.
[425]
4 August – Lab-made
cartilage gel based on a synthetic
hydrogel composite is found to have greater strength and wear resistance than natural cartilage, which could enable the durable resurfacing of damaged
articulating joints .
[428]
[429]
8 August
24 August: The first rail line entirely run by
hydrogen-powered trains debuts in Germany.
25 August: The first clear evidence for carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of an exoplanet is revealed by the James Webb Space Telescope.
11 August – A
bioengineered
cornea made from pig's skin is shown to restore vision to blind people. It can be mass-produced and stored for up to two years, unlike donated human corneas that are scarce and must be used within two weeks.
[450]
[451]
12 August — The
National Centers for Environmental Information publish , where they state an all-time record cold temperature occurred in Australia during the month. On October 7, 2022, Zack Labe, a climate scientist for the NOAA
GFDL releases a statement and a climate report from
Berkeley Earth denying the all-time record cold temperature occurred saying, "There are still no areas of record cold so far in 2022."
[452]
[453] Labe's statement also denies the record cold temperatures in
Brazil , reported by the
National Institute of Meteorology in May 2022, a month before the official start of winter, was also not record cold temperatures.
[454]
13 August –
Rocket Lab describes its self-funded plans in detail, first announced in early 2020,
[455] to send a probe to Venus,
likely in 2023 , to search for life in the planet's cloud layer, where other scientists reported
the potential detection of
biosignature -levels of
phosphine .
[456]
[457]
~14 August – As
record-breaking
heatwaves and
droughts affect water supplies, rivers (along with shipping and
nuclear reactor cooling ), ecosystems, various global supply chains, health, and agriculture worldwide,
[458]
[459]
[460]
[461]
in Europe , Spain domestically restricts e.g.
air conditioning to defined temperature ranges,
[462]
in the U.S. , entities are required to provide
plans to reduce their water usage,
[463] and
China experiences large
blackouts
[464] and experiments with
cloud seeding among other measures, despite experts stating it would be "marginally effective" and possibly exacerbate problems.
[465]
Several journalists of
online newspapers have put these
extreme weather events into
the context of
climate change adaptation (alongside highlighting of the importance of
climate change mitigation ).
[466]
[467]
[468]
15 August – A study on the food impacts of a
nuclear war is published. It finds that even a small-scale conflict between India and Pakistan would decrease global average
caloric production by 7%, while a full-scale U.S.-Russia nuclear conflict would result in a 90% loss, killing more than 5 billion people worldwide.
[469]
[470]
29 August: Scientists report
the key molecular mechanisms of
rejuvenation they found in a
comparison of the newly presented genomes of the
biologically immortal
T. dohrnii and a similar but non-rejuvenating
jellyfish .
18 August
A weak spot in the
spike protein of
SARS-CoV-2 is described by researchers, which an
antibody fragment called VH Ab6 can attach to, potentially neutralising all major
variants of the virus.
[482]
[483] On 11 August, researchers report a single antibody, SP1-77, that could potentially neutralize all known variants of the virus via a novel mechanism, not by not preventing the virus from binding to
ACE2 receptors but by blocking it from fusing with host cells'
membranes .
[484]
[485]
Multiple gene editing of
soybean is shown to improve
photosynthesis and
boost yields by 20%.
[486]
[487]
A researcher reports that the social media
app
TikTok adds a
keylogger to its, on iOS essentially unavoidable, in-app
browser in
iOS , which allows its Chinese company to gather, for example, passwords, credit card details, and everything else that is typed into websites opened from taps on any external links within the app. Shortly after the report, the company claims such capabilities are only used for
debugging -types of purposes.
[488]
[489] To date, it has
largely not been investigated which and to which extent (other) apps have capacities for such or similar data-collection.
[488]
[489] [
additional citation(s) needed ]
A university reports the development of an invisible
coating for
fireproof
wood .
[490]
20 August – A
GBD
systematic analysis reports the (non)
progress on
cancer and its causes during the 2010-19 decade, with ~44% of all cancer deaths in
2019 – or ~4.5 M deaths or ~105 million lost
DALYs –
due to known clearly preventable risk factors (contributions) , led by
smoking ,
alcohol use and
high BMI .
[491]
[492]
22 August
23 August
24 August
25 August
26 August – Researchers report the development of
greenhouses (or
solar modules ) by a startup that generate electricity from a portion of the spectrum of sunlight, allowing spectra
that interior plants use to pass through.
[515]
29 August
31 August
Scientists warn, in a
follow-up paper to their 2021 study, that a third of tree species are threatened with
extinction , showing how this will significantly
alter the world's
ecosystems , may negatively affect billions, and could get averted with "urgent actions".
[523]
[524] On 1 August, a study reports that over 60 years (1960–2019), "the global forest area
has declined by 81.7 million ha", concluding higher income nations need to reduce
imports of tropical forest-related products and help with
theoretically forest-related socioeconomic development and international policies.
[525]
[526]
News outlets report
artificial intelligence art has
won the first place in a
digital art competition.
[527] Such artistic imagery is generated using input consisting of text and sometimes images, usually including parameters such as
artistic style (
text-to-image generation ). Around the time, an expert concludes that "AI art is everywhere right now", with even experts not knowing what it will mean, a news outlet establishes that "AI-generated art booms" and reports about issues of copyright and automation of professional artists,
[528] a news outlet investigates how
online communities (e.g. their rules) confronted with many such artworks react,
[529] a news outlet raised concerns over
deepfakes ,
[530] a magazine highlights possibilities of enabling "new forms of
artistic expression",
[531] an editorial notes that it may be seen as a welcome .
[532] [
additional citation(s) needed ] Moreover, additional functionalities – such as enabling the use of user-provided
concepts (like an object or a style) learned from few images for novel personalized art generated from the associated word/s (2 Aug)
[533] or expanding beyond the borders of artistic images in the same style (31 Aug)
[534] – are reported. On 22 August,
[535]
[536]
Stable Diffusion is released as
free and open source software .
[536]
[537]
September
15 September: Researchers describe a way by which the aging of select
immune system
T cells can be prevented or slowed down.
20 September: Astronomers report in a
preprint the discovery of a candidate fourth interstellar object,
CNEOS 2017-03-09 .
26 September:
NASA's
DART crashes into the asteroid
Dimorphos in a first test of potential
planetary defense .
20 September – Scientists who reported the earliest known
interstellar object ,
CNEOS 2014-01-08 , and members of
The Galileo Project , report the discovery of an additional candidate interstellar meteor,
CNEOS 2017-03-09 , in a
preprint using the same fireball catalog. They find that suggests that interstellar meteors "come from a population with material strength characteristically higher than meteors originating from within the solar system".
[598]
[599]
21 September – Engineers report the development of autonomous 3D-printing
drones
for construction and repair .
[600]
[601]
22 September
Nanoengineers report the development of biocompatible
microalgae
hybrid microrobots for
active drug-delivery in the lungs (22 Sep.) and the gastrointestinal tract (GT) (28 Sep.). The
microrobots are related to
medical nanobots and proved effective in tests with mice.
[602]
[603]
[604] A separate team reports the development of 'RoboCap', a robotic
drug delivery capsule that enhances drug absorption by tunneling through the
mucus layer in the GT (28 Sep.).
[605]
[606]
Around September, news outlets report about deployment, research and development of novel
military drone technology in the
Russo-Ukrainian War in 2022 , including
demining drones ,
[607] self-repurposed commercial/hobby drones
[608]
[609] (including via a
hackathon ),
[610] [
better source needed ]
[611] reconnaissance microdrones,
[612]
kamikaze drones , bomb-dropping modified drones,
[613] and
countermeasures such as
electronic ones .
[612]
[609]
[614]
[615]
Scientists caution about potential
spillover of bat
sarbecovirus Khosta-2
resistant to
COVID-19 vaccines and also using
ACE2 , suggesting it or something like it could
recombine with
SARS-CoV-2 as
a new threat .
[616]
[617]
23 September – Astronomers report that GJ 1252b, an Earth-sized planet orbiting an
M-class red dwarf , appears to have no atmosphere, which may reduce the chances of
life emerging in such systems.
[618]
[619]
26 September
27 September – A study finds that drinking two to three cups of ground, instant, or decaffeinated
coffee each day
is associated with a
longer lifespan and lower risk of cardiovascular disease compared with avoiding coffee.
[627]
[628]
28 September
29 September
30 September
October
1 October: A new, more detailed simulation of the
giant-impact hypothesis suggests that the
Moon formed in just hours.
5 October: Ongoing
transfer of mitochondrial DNA into DNA in the cell nucleus is reported.
5 October: Researchers outline the large potentials and benefits of
marine algae-based aquaculture for the development of a future
healthy and
sustainable food system .
18 October: Substantial increase of
sentiment negativity and decrease of emotional neutrality in
headlines across written popular
news media since 2000 is reported.
November
4 November: Artist's impression of the
Gaia BH1 system, containing a Sun-like star and the closest known black hole to Earth.
15 November: A
62% decline in
sperm counts is found to have occurred since the early 1970s.
1 November – A
pooled analysis indicates that
globally over half of all preschool-aged children and over two-thirds of all nonpregnant women of reproductive age are
deficient in at least one of three micronutrients each. The study notes required
data is scarce and such deficiencies
can constrain physical and (
neurocognitive ) development and
compromise health .
[708]
[709]
2 November – Scientists show that cells move faster in thicker (higher
viscosity ) fluids. Cancer cells can form memory of extracellular fluid, helping them to form distant cancerous colonies more efficiently when exposed to fluids of higher viscosities.
[710]
[711]
3 November – Astronomers using the
IXPE space observatory report that
4U 0142+61 , a
magnetar found 13,000 light-years from Earth, likely has a solid surface with no atmosphere.
[712]
[713]
4 November – The discovery of
Gaia BH1 , a binary system containing what is likely the
closest known black hole to Earth, is reported by astronomers in the U.S.
[714]
[715]
6–18 November – The
2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP27) on
climate change mitigation takes place in
Sharm el-Sheikh , Egypt.
[716]
[717]
7 November
9 November
10 November
11 November – The
Global Carbon Project reports that carbon emissions in 2022 remain at record levels, with no sign of the decrease that is needed to limit
global warming to 1.5 °C. At the current rate, the
carbon that can still be emitted while still meeting the 1.5 °C
global goal will likely (at a 50% chance) be emitted within only around nine years.
[744]
[745]
[746]
12 November – Astronomers, using the
Hubble Space Telescope , report the discovery of one of the most
metal-poor galaxies known. This nearby
dwarf galaxy , 20 million light-years away and 1,200 light-years across, is named
HIPASS J1131–31 (nicknamed the
"Peekaboo" galaxy ).
[747]
[748]
14 November
15 November
16 November
23 November: A study reports estimated contemporary prevalence and associations with
belief in
witchcraft around the world, which (in their data) varied between 9% and 90% between
nations and is still a widespread element in
worldviews globally.
[766]
18 November – Researchers theorize that in many disciplines, larger
scientific productivity or success by
elite universities can be explained by their larger pool of available funded laborers.
[767]
[768] A commentary notes that academic rankings don't consider where (country and institute) the respective researchers were trained (1 Dec).
[769]
19 November – Researchers report determinants of
alertness after
waking up .
[770]
[771]
21 November
22 November
23 November
24 November
29 November
30 November
December
13 December: Net energy gain in fusion power is reported at the National Ignition Facility.
1 December
Astronomers using the
James Webb Space Telescope report viewing clouds, likely made of
methane , moving across
Saturn 's moon
Titan .
[814]
[815]
Genomic epidemiologists report results from a global survey of
antimicrobial resistance (AMR) via genomic
wastewater-based epidemiology , finding large regional variations, providing maps, and suggesting resistance genes are also
passed on between microbial species that are not closely related.
[816]
[817] On 9 December, the
WHO 's fifth report summarizes 2020 data on inter-national AMR, including various new features and an interactive dashboard.
[818]
[819]
Scientists report the measurement of the highest
toughness ever recorded, of any material, while investigating a metallic
alloy made of
chromium ,
cobalt , and
nickel .
[820]
[821]
4 December – Chemical engineers report a method to substantially increase conversion efficiency and reduce material costs of
green hydrogen production by using sound waves during
electrolysis .
[822]
[823]
5 December
14 December: A
WHO study comprehensively estimates
excess deaths from the
COVID-19 pandemic during 2020 and 2021, concluding ~14.8 million excess early deaths occurred
[831]
6 December
7 December
8 December
9 December
12 December – Scientists describe a new method to break up so-called "
forever chemicals " by infusing contaminated water with hydrogen, then blasting it with high-energy, short-wavelength ultraviolet light.
[861]
[862]
13 December
The Newborn Genomes Programme is announced by the UK government. It will conduct
whole genome sequencing of 100,000 newborns, the largest study of its kind in the world, to aid research into the diagnosis and treatment of rare genetic conditions.
[863]
[864]
In a major milestone for the field, scientists at the
National Ignition Facility report a net energy gain in the development of
fusion power .
[865]
[866]
COVID-19 pandemic : A study finds that the
BQ and
XBB subvariants of
SARS-CoV-2 are "barely susceptible to neutralization" by
vaccines , including the new
Omicron boosters. Key antibody drugs,
Evusheld and
bebtelovimab , are "completely inactive" against the new subvariants. This could result in a surge of
breakthrough infections and reinfections, according to the study team, although the vaccines hold up against severe disease.
[867]
[868]
A study systematically assesses
advice given by professional
general practitioners , typically in the form of verbal-only
consultation , for
weight-loss to
obese patients. They found it rarely included effective methods, was mostly generic, and was rarely tailored to patients' existing knowledge and behaviours.
[869]
[870]
14 December
15 December
19 December – A new world record
solar cell efficiency for a silicon-perovskite
tandem solar cell is achieved, with scientists in Germany converting 32.5% of sunlight into electrical energy.
[896]
20 December –
OpenAI releases Point-E, a machine learning system that can
generate 3D models from text prompts (
text-to-3D ),
[897]
[898] similar to previously released GET3D
[899]
[900] and Magic3D
[901] by Nvidia and DreamFusion by Google.
[899]
22 December
26 December – Bio- and electrical engineers prove for the first time that human
cerebral organoids transplanted
into mice (see
17 Aug 21 and
12 Oct ) functionally integrate with their visual cortex.
[905]
[906]
27 December – Scientists report that a species of
Halteria , a single-celled
protozoan , is the first known organism for which "
a virus-only diet ... is enough to fuel the physiological growth and even population growth".
[907]
[908]
Awards
Deaths
18 January – Sir
David Cox , English statistician (b.
1924 )
[910]
15 March –
Eugene Parker , American solar and plasma physicist (b.
1927 )
20 March –
Wen Shengchang , Chinese oceanographer and member of the
Chinese Academy of Sciences (b.
1921 )
23 March –
Arthur Riggs , American geneticist (b.
1939 )
27 March –
Martin Pope , American physical scientist (b.
1918 )
27 March –
James Vaupel , American
demographer and
aging researcher (b.
1945 )
29 March –
Paul Benioff , American physicist of
quantum computing (b.
1930 )
30 March –
Kenneth Walters , British mathematician and rheologist (b.
1934 )
1 April –
Gerhard J. Woeginger , Austrian mathematician.
[911]
5 April –
Sidney Altman , Canadian-American molecular biologist,
Nobel Prize laureate (1989).
[912]
5 April –
Bjarni Tryggvason , Icelandic-born Canadian astronaut (
STS-85 ).
[913]
5 April –
Eelco Visser , Dutch computer scientist.
[914]
5 April –
Leslie Young , New Zealand economist.
[915]
1 May –
Ray Freeman , British chemist.
[916]
1 May –
Dominique Lecourt , French philosopher.
[917]
2 May –
Joseph Raz , Israeli philosopher.
[918]
4 May –
Amanda Claridge , Canadian archaeologist.
[919]
7 May –
Sir Paul Mellars , British archaeologist.
[920]
8 May –
Harry Dornbrand , American aerospace engineer.
[921]
8 May –
Zhuang Qiaosheng , Chinese geneticist and wheat breeder, member of the
Chinese Academy of Sciences .
[922]
9 May –
John H. Coates , Australian mathematician.
[923]
14 May –
Bernard Bigot , French physicist and civil servant, director general of
ITER (b. 1950)
[924]
9 June –
Gordon M. Shepherd , American neuroscientist.
[925]
26 July –
James Lovelock , English environmentalist (
Gaia hypothesis ) and
futurist (b.
1919 )
[926]
25 August –
Kurt Gottfried , Austrian-born American physicist.
[927]
2 September –
Frank Drake , American astronomer and astrophysicist (
Drake equation ), designer of the
Arecibo message (b. 1930)
[928]
9 December –
Ademar José Gevaerd , Brazilian ufologist (b. 1962)
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"Association Between Consumption of Ultraprocessed Foods and Cognitive Decline" . JAMA Neurology . 80 (2): 142–150.
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^
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^ Firtina, Nergis (2 January 2023).
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bioRxiv
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10.1038/s43587-022-00340-7 .
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2662-8465 .
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9980297 .
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36873708 .
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^ Wells, Sarah.
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^
"Pollution cleanup method destroys toxic "forever chemicals" " .
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^ Chen, Gongde; Liu, Sitao; Shi, Qingyang; Gan, Jay; Jin, Bosen; Men, Yujie; Liu, Haizhou (1 November 2022). "Hydrogen-polarized vacuum ultraviolet photolysis system for enhanced destruction of perfluoroalkyl substances". Journal of Hazardous Materials Letters . 3 : 100072.
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"Over £175 million for cutting-edge genomics research" . 13 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022 – via Gov.uk.
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"Breakthrough in nuclear fusion energy announced" . BBC News . 13 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022 .
^
"National Ignition Facility achieves fusion ignition" . Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory . 13 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022 .
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"Alarming antibody evasion properties of rising SARS-CoV-2 BQ and XBB subvariants" .
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^
"People may not always get helpful weight loss advice from their doctors, study finds" . ABC News . Retrieved 17 January 2023 .
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"What advice do general practitioners give to people living with obesity to lose weight? A qualitative content analysis of recorded interactions" . Family Practice . 40 (5–6): 789–795.
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"Globale Übersterblichkeit durch COVID-19" . www.sciencemediacenter.de . Retrieved 17 January 2023 .
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"Your gut bacteria may influence how motivated you are to exercise" . New Scientist . Retrieved 17 January 2023 .
^ Dohnalová, Lenka; Lundgren, Patrick; Carty, Jamie R. E.; Goldstein, Nitsan; Wenski, Sebastian L.; Nanudorn, Pakjira; Thiengmag, Sirinthra; Huang, Kuei-Pin; Litichevskiy, Lev; Descamps, Hélène C.; Chellappa, Karthikeyani; Glassman, Ana; Kessler, Susanne; Kim, Jihee; Cox, Timothy O.; Dmitrieva-Posocco, Oxana; Wong, Andrea C.; Allman, Erik L.; Ghosh, Soumita; Sharma, Nitika; Sengupta, Kasturi; Cornes, Belinda; Dean, Nitai; Churchill, Gary A.; Khurana, Tejvir S.; Sellmyer, Mark A.; FitzGerald, Garret A.; Patterson, Andrew D.; Baur, Joseph A.; Alhadeff, Amber L.; Helfrich, Eric J. N.; Levy, Maayan; Betley, J. Nicholas; Thaiss, Christoph A. (December 2022).
"A microbiome-dependent gut–brain pathway regulates motivation for exercise" . Nature . 612 (7941): 739–747.
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2022Natur.612..739D .
doi :
10.1038/s41586-022-05525-z .
ISSN
1476-4687 .
PMID
36517598 .
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254729201 .
^
"Two studies deliver strong evidence linking depression and gut bacteria" . New Atlas . 8 December 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2023 .
^ Radjabzadeh, Djawad; Bosch, Jos A.; Uitterlinden, André G.; Zwinderman, Aeilko H.; Ikram, M. Arfan; van Meurs, Joyce B. J.; Luik, Annemarie I.; Nieuwdorp, Max; Lok, Anja; van Duijn, Cornelia M.; Kraaij, Robert; Amin, Najaf (6 December 2022).
"Gut microbiome-wide association study of depressive symptoms" . Nature Communications . 13 (1): 7128.
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2022NatCo..13.7128R .
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10.1038/s41467-022-34502-3 .
ISSN
2041-1723 .
PMC
9726982 .
PMID
36473852 .
^
"Horizontal gene transfer from mother to infant influences gut microbiome assembly, neurodevelopment, and immune maturation in infants" . News-Medical.net . 29 December 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2023 .
^ Vatanen, Tommi; Jabbar, Karolina S.; Ruohtula, Terhi; Honkanen, Jarno; Avila-Pacheco, Julian; Siljander, Heli; Stražar, Martin; Oikarinen, Sami; Hyöty, Heikki; Ilonen, Jorma; Mitchell, Caroline M.; Yassour, Moran; Virtanen, Suvi M.; Clish, Clary B.; Plichta, Damian R.; Vlamakis, Hera; Knip, Mikael; Xavier, Ramnik J. (22 December 2022).
"Mobile genetic elements from the maternal microbiome shape infant gut microbial assembly and metabolism" . Cell . 185 (26): 4921–4936.e15.
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^
"Humans and nature: The distance between the two is growing" . German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Halle-Jena-Leipzig via phys.org . Retrieved 18 January 2023 .
^ Cazalis, Victor; Loreau, Michel; Barragan-Jason, Gladys (14 December 2022). "A global synthesis of trends in human experience of nature". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment . 21 (2): 85–93.
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^ Randall, Audrey; Snyder, Peter; Ukani, Alisha; Snoeren, Alex C.; Voelker, Geoffrey M.; Savage, Stefan; Schulman, Aaron (25 October 2022). "Measuring UID smuggling in the wild". Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Internet Measurement Conference . Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 230–243.
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250494286 .
^
"Montreal astronomers find that two exoplanets may be mostly water" . EurekAlert! . 15 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022 .
^ Piaulet, Caroline; Benneke, Björn; Almenara, Jose M.; Dragomir, Diana; Knutson, Heather A.; Thorngren, Daniel; Peterson, Merrin S.; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; M. -R. Kempton, Eliza; Kubyshkina, Daria; Howard, Andrew W.; Angus, Ruth; Isaacson, Howard; Weiss, Lauren M.; Beichman, Charles A.; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Fossati, Luca; Lammer, Helmut; McCullough, P. R.; Morley, Caroline V.; Wong, Ian (15 December 2022). "Evidence for the volatile-rich composition of a 1.5-Earth-radius planet". Nature Astronomy . 7 : 206.
arXiv :
2212.08477 .
Bibcode :
2023NatAs...7..206P .
doi :
10.1038/s41550-022-01835-4 .
ISSN
2397-3366 .
S2CID
254764810 .
^
"New 3D-printing ink could make cultured meat more cost-effective" . EurekAlert! . 15 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022 .
^ Su, Lingshan; Jing, Linzhi; Zeng, Xianjian; Chen, Tong; Liu, Hang; Kong, Yan; Wang, Xiang; Yang, Xin; Fu, Caili; Sun, Jie; Huang, Dejian (January 2023).
"3D-Printed Prolamin Scaffolds for Cell-Based Meat Culture" . Advanced Materials . 35 (2): 2207397.
Bibcode :
2023AdM....3507397S .
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10.1002/adma.202207397 .
PMID
36271729 .
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253063461 .
^
"Experimental cancer therapy shows success in more than 70% of patients in global clinical trials" . The Mount Sinai Hospital via medicalxpress.com . Retrieved 18 January 2023 .
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0028-4793 .
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36507686 .
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254560960 .
^
"Vaccine prompts HIV antibodies in 97 per cent of people in small study" . New Scientist . Retrieved 18 January 2023 .
^ Leggat, David J.; Cohen, Kristen W.; Willis, Jordan R.; et al. (2 December 2022).
"Vaccination induces HIV broadly neutralizing antibody precursors in humans" . Science . 378 (6623): eadd6502.
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0036-8075 .
PMID
36454825 .
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^
"Scientists create chemical compound that can reverse effects of methamphetamine and fentanyl" .
University of Maryland via phys.org . Retrieved 18 January 2023 .
^ Brockett, Adam T.; Xue, Weijian; King, David; Deng, Chun-Lin; Zhai, Canjia; Shuster, Michael; Rastogi, Shivangi; Briken, Volker; Roesch, Matthew R.; Isaacs, Lyle (15 December 2022).
"Pillar[6]MaxQ: A potent supramolecular host for in vivo sequestration of methamphetamine and fentanyl" . Chem . 9 (4): 881–900.
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PMC 10281757.
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37346394 .
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^ Sottile, Zoe (7 January 2023).
"The first-ever vaccine for honeybees has been approved by the USDA" . CNN . Retrieved 18 January 2023 .
^ Dickel, Franziska; Bos, Nick Maria Peter; Hughes, Huw; Martín-Hernández, Raquel; Higes, Mariano; Kleiser, Annette; Freitak, Dalial (2022).
"The oral vaccination with Paenibacillus larvae bacterin can decrease susceptibility to American Foulbrood infection in honey bees—A safety and efficacy study" . Frontiers in Veterinary Science . 9 : 946237.
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^
"Study discovers triple immunotherapy combination as possible treatment for pancreatic cancer" . University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center via medicalxpress.com . Retrieved 18 January 2023 .
^ Gulhati, Pat; Schalck, Aislyn; Jiang, Shan; Shang, Xiaoying; Wu, Chang-Jiun; Hou, Pingping; Ruiz, Sharia Hernandez; Soto, Luisa Solis; Parra, Edwin; Ying, Haoqiang; Han, Jincheng; Dey, Prasenjit; Li, Jun; Deng, Pingna; Sei, Emi; Maeda, Dean Y.; Zebala, John A.; Spring, Denise J.; Kim, Michael; Wang, Huamin; Maitra, Anirban; Moore, Dirk; Clise-Dwyer, Karen; Wang, Y. Alan; Navin, Nicholas E.; DePinho, Ronald A. (30 December 2022).
"Targeting T cell checkpoints 41BB and LAG3 and myeloid cell CXCR1/CXCR2 results in antitumor immunity and durable response in pancreatic cancer" . Nature Cancer . 4 (1): 62–80.
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PMC
9925045 .
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36585453 .
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255330738 .
^
"Tandem solar cell achieves 32.5 percent efficiency" . Science Daily . 19 December 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2022 .
^
"OpenAI releases Point-E, an AI that generates 3D models" . Tech Crunch . 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022 .
^ Nichol, Alex; Jun, Heewoo; Dhariwal, Prafulla; Mishkin, Pamela; Chen, Mark (16 December 2022). "Point-E: A System for Generating 3D Point Clouds from Complex Prompts".
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2212.08751 [
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^
a
b
"What ChatGPT Could Mean for the Metaverse" . Time . Retrieved 2 February 2023 .
^
"Rapidly Generate 3D Assets for Virtual Worlds with Generative AI" . NVIDIA Technical Blog . 3 January 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2023 .
^ Edwards, Benj (21 November 2022).
"3D for everyone? Nvidia's Magic3D can generate 3D models from text" . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2 February 2023 .
^
"Overshooting climate targets could significantly increase risk for tipping cascades" .
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research via phys.org . Retrieved 17 January 2023 .
^ Wunderling, Nico; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Rockström, Johan; Loriani, Sina; Armstrong McKay, David I.; Ritchie, Paul D. L.; Sakschewski, Boris; Donges, Jonathan F. (January 2023).
"Global warming overshoots increase risks of climate tipping cascades in a network model" . Nature Climate Change . 13 (1): 75–82.
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2023NatCC..13...75W .
doi :
10.1038/s41558-022-01545-9 .
ISSN
1758-6798 .
S2CID
255045153 .
^ Zhang, Minghao; Chouchane, Mehdi; Shojaee, S. Ali; Winiarski, Bartlomiej; Liu, Zhao; Li, Letian; Pelapur, Rengarajan; Shodiev, Abbos; Yao, Weiliang; Doux, Jean-Marie; Wang, Shen; Li, Yixuan; Liu, Chaoyue; Lemmens, Herman; Franco, Alejandro A.; Meng, Ying Shirley (22 December 2022).
"Coupling of multiscale imaging analysis and computational modeling for understanding thick cathode degradation mechanisms" . Joule . 7 : 201–220.
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^ Firtina, Nergis (3 January 2023).
"In a first, human brain organoids placed in the mouse cortex react to visual stimuli" .
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^ Wilson, Madison N.; Thunemann, Martin; Liu, Xin; Lu, Yichen; Puppo, Francesca; Adams, Jason W.; Kim, Jeong-Hoon; Ramezani, Mehrdad; Pizzo, Donald P.; Djurovic, Srdjan; Andreassen, Ole A.; Mansour, Abed AlFatah; Gage, Fred H.; Muotri, Alysson R.; Devor, Anna; Kuzum, Duygu (26 December 2022).
"Multimodal monitoring of human cortical organoids implanted in mice reveal functional connection with visual cortex" . Nature Communications . 13 (1): 7945.
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2022NatCo..13.7945W .
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10.1038/s41467-022-35536-3 .
ISSN
2041-1723 .
PMC
9792589 .
PMID
36572698 .
^
"Eating viruses can power growth, reproduction of microorganism" . Nebraska Today . 3 January 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2023 .
^ DeLong, John P.; Van Etten, James L.; Al-Ameeli, Zeina; Agarkova, Irina V.; Dunigan, David D. (3 January 2023).
"The consumption of viruses returns energy to food chains" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 120 (1): e2215000120.
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2023PNAS..12015000D .
doi :
10.1073/pnas.2215000120 .
ISSN
0027-8424 .
PMC
9910503 .
PMID
36574690 .
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255219850 .
^
"Earthshot Prize: Prince William announces five winners" . BBC News . 2 December 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2023 .
^
" 'Genius' statistician and Honorary Fellow dies aged 97" . St John's College, University of Cambridge. 20 January 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022 .
^
"Informatik 1" . algo.rwth-aachen.de .
^ Laurans, Penelope (6 April 2022).
"Sidney Altman, pathbreaking scientist" . YaleNews .
^
"Bjarni Tryggvason, one of Canada's original astronauts, dies at 76" . collectSPACE.com .
^
"In Memoriam - Eelco Visser (1966 - 2022)" . TU Delft .
^
"Professor Leslie YOUNG's Obituary (2022) The New Zealand Herald" . Legacy.com .
^ University, Masaryk.
"Professor Ray Freeman, one of the pioneers and giants of nuclear magnetic resonance, passed away" . Czech Infrastructure for Integrative Structural Biology .
^
"Le philosophe Dominique Lecourt est mort" . Le Monde.fr . 5 May 2022 – via Le Monde.
^ Weinberg, Justin (2 May 2022).
"Joseph Raz (1939-2022)" . Daily Nous .
^
Professor Emerita Amanda Claridge
^ Bonner, Laure (9 May 2022).
"Prof Sir Paul Mellars FBA (1939-2022)" . www.arch.cam.ac.uk .
^
"Tribute Archive" . www.tributearchive.com .
^
"In memory of Zhuang Qiaosheng" . CIMMYT . 16 May 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2023 .
^
"College News | About Us | Emmanuel College, Cambridge" . www.emma.cam.ac.uk .
^ rédaction, La (14 May 2022).
"Le directeur général d'Iter Organization Bernard Bigot est mort" . Var-Matin .
^
"In Memoriam: Gordon Murray Shepherd, MD, DPhil" . medicine.yale.edu .
^
"James Lovelock: Influential green thinker dies aged 103" . BBC News. 27 July 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022 .
^ Roberts, Sam (9 September 2022).
"Kurt Gottfried, Physicist and Foe of Nuclear Weapons, Dies at 93" . The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
^
"Pioneering radio astronomer Frank Drake dies at 92" . UC Santa Cruz. 2 September 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022 .
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