One hundred years, from 1701 to 1800
Political boundaries at the beginning of year 1700
Storming of the Bastille , 14 July 1789, an iconic event of the
French Revolution .
Development of the
Watt steam engine in the late 18th century was an important element in the
Industrial Revolution in Europe.
The
American Revolutionary War took place in the late 18th century.
The 18th century lasted from 1 January
1701 (represented by the
Roman numerals MDCCI) to 31 December
1800 (MDCCC). During the 18th century, elements of
Enlightenment thinking culminated in the
Atlantic Revolutions . During the century,
slave trading and
human trafficking expanded across the shores of the
Atlantic , while declining in
Russia ,
[1]
China ,
[2] and
Korea . Revolutions began to challenge the legitimacy of monarchical and aristocratic power structures, including the structures and beliefs that
supported slavery . The
Industrial Revolution began during mid-century, leading to radical changes in
human society and the
environment . The
European colonization of the
Americas and other parts of the world intensified and associated mass migrations of people grew in size as part of the
Age of Sail .
Western historians have occasionally defined the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work. For example, the "short" 18th century may be defined as 1715–1789, denoting the period of time between the death of
Louis XIV of France and the start of the
French Revolution , with an emphasis on directly interconnected events.
[3]
[4] To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements, the "long" 18th century
[5] may run from the
Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the
Battle of Waterloo in 1815
[6] or even later.
[7]
In
Europe , philosophers ushered in the
Age of Enlightenment . This period coincided with the French Revolution of 1789, and was later compromised by the excesses of the
Reign of Terror . At first, many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals, but in the wake of the French Revolution they feared loss of power and formed broad coalitions to oppose the
French Republic in the
French Revolutionary Wars . Various conflicts throughout the century, including the
War of the Spanish Succession and the
Seven Years' War , saw the
Kingdom of Great Britain triumph over its European rivals to become the preeminent power in Europe. However, Britain's attempts to exert its authority over its
colonies became a catalyst for the
American Revolution .
The 18th century also marked the end of the
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as an independent state. Its semi-democratic government system was not robust enough to rival the neighboring states of
Austria ,
Prussia , and Russia, which
partitioned the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth between themselves, changing the landscape of
Central Europe and politics for the next hundred years.
In
The Americas , the
United States declared its independence from
Great Britain . In 1776,
Thomas Jefferson wrote the
Declaration of Independence . In 1789,
George Washington was inaugurated as the first president. American
Benjamin Franklin traveled to Europe where he was hailed as an inventor. Examples of his inventions include the
lightning rod and
bifocal glasses .
In
Africa , the
Ethiopian Empire underwent the
Zemene Mesafint , a period when the country was ruled by a class of regional noblemen and the emperor was merely a figurehead. The
Atlantic slave trade also saw the continued involvement of states such as the
Oyo Empire .
The
Ottoman Empire experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion, taking no part in European wars from 1740 to 1768. As a result, the empire was not exposed to Europe's military improvements during the Seven Years' War. The Ottoman military consequently lagged behind and suffered several defeats against Russia in the second half of the century. In
West Asia ,
Nader Shah led
Persia in successful
military campaigns .
In
South Asia , the death of
Mughal emperor
Aurangzeb marked the end of
medieval India and the beginning of an increasing level of European influence and control in the region, this period also with an episode of rapid
Maratha expansion. In 1739, Persian emperor Nader Shah invaded and plundered Delhi, the capital of the
Mughal Empire . Later, his general
Ahmad Shah Abdali scored another victory against the Marathas, the then dominant power in India, in the
Third Battle of Panipat in 1761.
[8] By the middle of the century, the
British East India Company began to conquer eastern India,
[9]
[8] and by the end of the century, the
Anglo-Mysore Wars against
Tipu Sultan and his father
Hyder Ali , led to
Company rule over the south.
[10]
[11]
In
East Asia , the century marked the
High Qing era and the continual
seclusion policies of the
Tokugawa shogunate . European colonization intensified in present-day
Indonesia , where the
Dutch East India Company established increasing levels of control over the
Mataram Sultanate .
Southeast Asia would experience the major upheavals of the
Konbaung–Ayutthaya Wars and the
Tây Sơn rebellion . In
Oceania , the European colonization of
Australia and
New Zealand began during the late half of the century.
Events
1701–1750
Europe at the beginning of the
War of the Spanish Succession , 1700
The
Battle of Poltava in 1709 turned the
Russian Empire into a European power.
John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough
1700 –
1721 :
Great Northern War between the
Russian and
Swedish Empires .
1701 :
Kingdom of Prussia declared under King
Frederick I .
1701 : The
Battle of Feyiase marks the rise of the
Ashanti Empire .
1701 –
1714 : The
War of the Spanish Succession is fought, involving most of continental
Europe .
[12]
1702 –
1715 :
Camisard rebellion in France.
1703 :
Saint Petersburg is founded by
Peter the Great ; it is the Russian
capital until
1918 .
1703 –
1711 : The
Rákóczi uprising against the
Habsburg monarchy .
1704 : End of Japan's
Genroku period.
1704 :
First Javanese War of Succession .
[13]
1706 –
1713 : The
War of the Spanish Succession : French troops defeated at the battles of
Ramillies and
Turin .
1707 : Death of Mughal Emperor
Aurangzeb leads to the fragmentation of the
Mughal Empire .
1707 : The
Act of Union is passed, merging the Scottish and English Parliaments, thus establishing the
Kingdom of Great Britain .
[14]
1708 : The
Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies and English Company Trading to the East Indies merge to form the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies.
1708 –
1709 : Famine kills one-third of
East Prussia 's population.
1709 : Foundation of the
Hotak Afghan Empire .
1709 : The
Great Frost of 1709 marks the coldest winter in 500 years, contributing to the defeat of
Sweden at
Poltava .
1710 : The world's first
copyright legislation ,
Britain 's
Statute of Anne , takes effect.
1710 –
1711 :
Ottoman Empire fights Russia in the
Russo-Turkish War and regains
Azov .
1711 :
Bukhara Khanate dissolves as local begs seize power.
1711 –
1715 :
Tuscarora War between British, Dutch, and German settlers and the
Tuscarora people of
North Carolina .
1713 : The
Kangxi Emperor acknowledges the full recovery of the Chinese economy since its apex during the
Ming .
1714 : In Amsterdam,
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the
mercury-in-glass thermometer , which remains the most reliable and accurate thermometer until the electronic era.
1715 : The
first Jacobite rising breaks out; the British halt the Jacobite advance at the
Battle of Sheriffmuir ;
Battle of Preston .
1716 : Establishment of the
Sikh Confederacy along the present-day India-
Pakistan border.
1716 –
1718 :
Austro-Venetian-Turkish War .
1718 : The city of
New Orleans is founded by the French in North America.
1718 –
1720 :
War of the Quadruple Alliance with Spain versus France, Britain, Austria, and the Netherlands.
1718 –
1730 :
Tulip period of the Ottoman Empire.
1719 :
Second Javanese War of Succession .
[15]
1720 : The
South Sea Bubble .
1720 –
1721 : The
Great Plague of Marseille .
1720 : Qing forces oust
Dzungar invaders from
Tibet .
1721 : The
Treaty of Nystad is signed, ending the
Great Northern War .
1721 :
Sack of Shamakhi , massacre of its Shia population by
Sunni
Lezgins .
1722 :
Siege of Isfahan results in the handover of Iran to the
Hotaki Afghans .
1722 –
1723 :
Russo-Persian War .
1722 –
1725 : Controversy over
William Wood 's halfpence leads to the
Drapier's Letters and begins the Irish economic independence from England movement.
Mughal emperor
Muhammad Shah with the Persian invader
Nader Shah .
1723 :
Slavery is abolished in Russia;
Peter the Great converts household
slaves into house
serfs .
[16]
1723 –
1730 : The "Great Disaster", an invasion of
Kazakh territories by the
Dzungars .
1723 –
1732 : The Qing and the Dzungars fight a series of wars across
Qinghai ,
Dzungaria , and
Outer Mongolia , with inconclusive results.
1724 :
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit proposes the
Fahrenheit temperature scale.
1725 :
Austro-Spanish alliance revived. Russia joins in 1726.
1727 –
1729 :
Anglo-Spanish War ends inconclusively.
1730 :
Mahmud I takes over Ottoman Empire after the
Patrona Halil revolt, ending the
Tulip period .
1730 –
1760 : The
First Great Awakening takes place in Great Britain and North America.
1732 –
1734 :
Crimean Tatar raids into Russia.
[17]
1733 –
1738 :
War of the Polish Succession .
Qianlong Emperor
1735 –
1739 :
Austro-Russo-Turkish War .
1735 –
1799 : The
Qianlong Emperor of China oversees a huge expansion in territory.
1738 –
1756 :
Famine across the
Sahel ; half the population of
Timbuktu dies.
[18]
1737 –
1738 : Hotaki Afghan Empire ends after the
Siege of Kandahar by
Nader Shah .
1739 : Great Britain and Spain fight the
War of Jenkins' Ear in the Caribbean.
1739 : Nader Shah defeats a pan-Indian army of 300,000 at the
Battle of Karnal . Taxation is stopped in Iran for three years.
1739 –
1740 :
Nader Shah's Sindh expedition .
1740 :
George Whitefield brings the
First Great Awakening to New England
1740 –
1741 :
Famine in Ireland kills 20 percent of the population.
1741 –
1743 : Iran invades
Uzbekistan ,
Khwarazm ,
Dagestan , and
Oman .
1741 –
1751 :
Maratha invasions of Bengal .
1740 –
1748 :
War of the Austrian Succession .
1742 :
1742 : Premiere of
Handel 's
Messiah
1743 –
1746 : Another
Ottoman-Persian War involves 375,000 men but ultimately ends in a stalemate.
The extinction of the
Scottish clan system came with the defeat of the clansmen at the
Battle of Culloden in 1746.
[20]
1751–1800
1752 : The
British Empire adopts the
Gregorian Calendar , skipping 11 days from 3 September to 13 September. On the calendar, 2 September is followed directly by 14 September.
1754 : The Treaty of Pondicherry ends the Second Carnatic War and recognizes
Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah as
Nawab of the Carnatic .
1754 :
King's College is founded by a royal charter of
George II of Great Britain .
[22]
1754 –
1763 : The
French and Indian War , the North American chapter of the
Seven Years' War , is fought in colonial North America, mostly by the French and their allies against the English and their allies.
1755 : The
great Lisbon earthquake destroys most of
Portugal 's capital and kills up to 100,000.
1755 : The
Dzungar genocide depopulates much of northern Xinjiang, allowing for Han, Uyghur, Khalkha Mongol, and Manchu colonization.
1755 –
1763 : The
Great Upheaval forces transfer of the French Acadian population from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.
1756 –
1763 : The
Seven Years' War is fought among European powers in various theaters around the world.
1756 –
1763 : The
Third Carnatic War is fought between the British, the French, and
Mysore in India.
1757 :
British conquest of Bengal .
Catherine the Great , Empress of Russia.
Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
1788 –
1789 : A Qing attempt to reinstall an exiled
Vietnamese king in northern Vietnam
ends in disaster .
1789 :
George Washington is elected the first
President of the United States ; he serves until
1797 .
1789 :
Quang Trung defeated the
Qing army
1789 –
1799 :
French Revolution .
1789 : The
Liège Revolution .
1789 : The
Brabant Revolution .
1789 : The
Inconfidência Mineira , an unsuccessful separatist movement in central Brazil led by
Tiradentes
1791 : Suppression of the
Liège Revolution by
Austrian forces and re-establishment of the
Prince-Bishopric of Liège .
1791 –
1795 :
George Vancouver explores the world during the
Vancouver Expedition .
1791 –
1804 : The
Haitian Revolution .
1791 :
Mozart premieres
The Magic Flute
1792 –
1802 : The
French Revolutionary Wars lead into the
Napoleonic Wars , which last from
1803 –
1815 .
1792 : The
New York Stock & Exchange Board is founded.
1792 :
Polish–Russian War of 1792 .
1792 :
Margaret Ann Neve (1792–1903) would become the first recorded female
supercentenarian to reach the age of 110.
[27]
[28]
1793 :
Upper Canada
bans slavery .
1793 : The largest
yellow fever epidemic in American history kills as many as 5,000 people in
Philadelphia , roughly 10% of the population.
[29]
1793 –
1796 :
Revolt in the Vendée against the French Republic at the time of the
Revolution .
1794 –
1816 : The
Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars , which were a series of incidents between settlers and
New South Wales Corps and the
Aboriginal Australian clans of the
Hawkesbury river in
Sydney ,
Australia .
1795 : The
Marseillaise is officially adopted as the French
national anthem .
Napoleon at the
Bridge of the Arcole
1795 : The
Battle of Nuʻuanu in the final days of
King Kamehameha I's wars to
unify the
Hawaiian Islands .
1795 –
1796 :
Iran invades and devastates Georgia , prompting
Russia to intervene and march on Tehran .
1796 :
Edward Jenner administers the first
smallpox vaccination ;
smallpox killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year during the 18th century, including five reigning
monarchs .
[30]
1796 :
War of the First Coalition : The
Battle of Montenotte marks
Napoleon Bonaparte 's first victory as an army commander.
1796 : The British eject the Dutch from
Ceylon and
South Africa .
1796 –
1804 : The
White Lotus Rebellion against the
Manchu dynasty in China.
1798 : The
Irish Rebellion fails to overthrow
British rule in Ireland .
1798 –
1800 : The
Quasi-War is fought between the United States and France.
1799 :
Dutch East India Company is dissolved.
1799 :
Austro-Russian forces under
Alexander Suvorov
liberates much of Italy and Switzerland from French occupation.
1799 :
Coup of 18 Brumaire -
Napoleon's
coup d'etat brings the end of the
French Revolution .
1799 : Death of the Qianlong Emperor after
60 years of rule over China . His favorite official,
Heshen , is ordered to commit suicide.
1800 : On 1 January, the bankrupt
Dutch East India Company (VOC) is formally dissolved and the nationalised
Dutch East Indies are established.
[31]
Inventions, discoveries, and introductions
The
spinning jenny
The Chinese
Putuo Zongcheng Temple of
Chengde , completed in 1771, during the reign of the
Qianlong Emperor .
Literary and philosophical achievements
1703 :
The Love Suicides at Sonezaki by
Chikamatsu first performed
1704 –
1717 :
One Thousand and One Nights translated into French by
Antoine Galland . The work becomes immensely popular throughout Europe.
1704 :
A Tale of a Tub by
Jonathan Swift first published
1712 :
The Rape of the Lock by
Alexander Pope (publication of first version)
1719 :
Robinson Crusoe by
Daniel Defoe
1725 : The New Science by
Giambattista Vico
1726 :
Gulliver's Travels by
Jonathan Swift
1728 :
The Dunciad by
Alexander Pope (publication of first version)
1744 :
A Little Pretty Pocket-Book becomes one of the first
books marketed for children
1748 :
Chushingura (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers ), popular Japanese
puppet play , composed
1748 :
Clarissa by
Samuel Richardson
1749 :
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling by
Henry Fielding
1751 :
Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by
Thomas Gray published
1751 –
1785 : The French
Encyclopédie
1755 :
A Dictionary of the English Language by
Samuel Johnson
1758 : Arithmetika Horvatzka by
Mihalj Šilobod Bolšić
1759 :
Candide by
Voltaire
1759 :
The Theory of Moral Sentiments by
Adam Smith
1759 –
1767 :
Tristram Shandy by
Laurence Sterne
1762 :
Emile: or, On Education by
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1762 :
The Social Contract, Or Principles of Political Right by
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1774 :
The Sorrows of Young Werther by
Goethe first published
1776 :
Ugetsu Monogatari (Tales of Moonlight and Rain ) by
Ueda Akinari
1776 :
The Wealth of Nations , foundation of the modern theory of economy, was published by
Adam Smith
1776 –
1789 :
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire was published by
Edward Gibbon
1779 :
Amazing Grace published by
John Newton
1779 –
1782 :
Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets by
Samuel Johnson
1781 :
Critique of Pure Reason by
Immanuel Kant (publication of first edition)
1781 :
The Robbers by
Friedrich Schiller first published
1782 :
Les Liaisons dangereuses by
Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
1786 :
Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect by
Robert Burns
1787 –
1788 :
The Federalist Papers by
Alexander Hamilton ,
James Madison , and
John Jay
1788 :
Critique of Practical Reason by
Immanuel Kant
1789 :
Songs of Innocence by
William Blake
1789 :
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano by
Olaudah Equiano
1790 :
Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow by
Alexander Radishchev
1790 :
Reflections on the Revolution in France by
Edmund Burke
1791 :
Rights of Man by
Thomas Paine
1792 :
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman by
Mary Wollstonecraft
1794 :
Songs of Experience by
William Blake
1798 :
Lyrical Ballads by
William Wordsworth and
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
1798 :
An Essay on the Principle of Population published by
Thomas Malthus
(mid–18th century):
The Dream of the Red Chamber (authorship attributed to
Cao Xueqin ), one of the most famous Chinese novels
Musical works
1711 :
Rinaldo ,
Handel 's first opera for the London stage, premiered
1721 :
Brandenburg Concertos by
J.S. Bach
1723 :
The Four Seasons , violin concertos by
Antonio Vivaldi , composed
1724 :
St John Passion by
J.S. Bach
1727 :
St Matthew Passion composed by
J.S. Bach
1727 :
Zadok the Priest is composed by
Handel for the coronation of
George II of Great Britain . It has been performed at every subsequent British coronation.
1733 :
Hippolyte et Aricie , first opera by
Jean-Philippe Rameau
1741 :
Goldberg Variations for
harpsichord published by
Bach
1742 :
Messiah , oratorio by
Handel premiered in
Dublin
1749 :
Mass in B minor by
J.S. Bach assembled in current form
1751 :
The Art of Fugue by
J.S. Bach
1762 :
Orfeo ed Euridice , first "reform opera" by
Gluck , performed in
Vienna
1786 :
The Marriage of Figaro , opera by
Mozart
1787 :
Don Giovanni , opera by
Mozart
1788 :
Jupiter Symphony (Symphony No. 41) composed by
Mozart
1791 :
The Magic Flute , opera by
Mozart
1791 –
1795 :
London symphonies by
Haydn
1798 : The
Pathétique , piano sonata by
Beethoven
1798 :
The Creation , oratorio by
Haydn first performed
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Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850 ,
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978-1-139-49889-0
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Further reading
Black, Jeremy and Roy Porter, eds. A Dictionary of Eighteenth-Century World History (1994) 890pp
Klekar, Cynthia. "Fictions of the Gift: Generosity and Obligation in Eighteenth-Century English Literature." Innovative Course Design Winner. American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies : Wake Forest University, 2004. <
Home | American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies (ASECS) >. Refereed.
Langer, William. An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed. 1973); highly detailed outline of events
online free
Morris, Richard B. and Graham W. Irwin, eds. Harper Encyclopedia of the Modern World: A Concise Reference History from 1760 to the Present (1970)
online
Milward, Alan S, and S. B. Saul, eds. The economic development of continental Europe: 1780–1870 (1973)
online ; note there are two different books with identical authors and slightly different titles. Their coverfage does not overlap.
Milward, Alan S, and S. B. Saul, eds. The development of the economies of continental Europe, 1850–1914 (1977)
online
The Wallace Collection , London, houses one of the finest collections of 18th-century decorative arts from France, England and Italy, including paintings, furniture, porcelain and gold boxes.
External links
Millennia Centuries Decades Years