From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the year 1860. For the Italian film, see
1860 (film).
Calendar year
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
1860 .
1860 (
MDCCCLX ) was a
leap year starting on Sunday of the
Gregorian calendar and a
leap year starting on Friday of the
Julian calendar , the 1860th year of the
Common Era (CE) and
Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 860th year of the
2nd millennium , the 60th year of the
19th century , and the 1st year of the
1860s decade. As of the start of 1860, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
Political map of the world in 1860
Events
January–March
January 2 – The discovery of a hypothetical planet
Vulcan is announced at a meeting of the
French Academy of Sciences in Paris, France.
January 10 – The
Pemberton Mill in
Lawrence, Massachusetts collapses, killing 146 workers.
January 13 –
Battle of Tétouan ,
Morocco : Spanish troops under General
Leopoldo O'Donnell , 1st Duke of Tetuan defeat the Moroccan Army.
January 20 –
Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour is recalled as Prime Minister of
Piedmont-Sardinia .
January 31 –
Kukis raid the
Chhagalnaiya plains in eastern
Bengal , murdering and kidnapping hundreds of people, particularly women.
[1]
February 20 – Canadian Royal Mail steamer
SS Hungarian (1859) is wrecked on
Cape Sable Island ,
Nova Scotia , on passage from the British Isles to the United States with all 205 onboard lost.
[2]
February 26 – White settlers
massacre a band of
Wiyot Indians on
Indian Island , near
Eureka, California . At least 60 women, children and elders are killed.
Bret Harte , newspaper reporter in
Arcata , reports the news to newspapers in
San Francisco .
March 17 – The
First Taranaki War begins at
Waitara, New Zealand , when
Māori refuse to sell land to British settlers.
March 22 – The
Grand Duchy of Tuscany is annexed to the newly formed
Kingdom of Italy .
March 24 –
Sakuradamon Incident :
Rōnin
samurai of the
Mito Domain in Japan assassinate
tairō (Chief Minister)
Ii Naosuke outside the Sakurada Gate of
Edo Castle , disaffected with his role in the opening of Japan to foreign powers.
March –August –
The second rout of the
Jiangnan Daying destroys the
Qing dynasty 's army of 180,000.
April–June
April 2 – The
first Italian Parliament meets at
Turin .
April 3 – The
Pony Express begins its first run from
St. Joseph, Missouri , United States, to
Sacramento, California , with riders carrying
a small Bible .
April 4 – A new uprising erupts in
Palermo .
April 9 – French typesetter
Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville creates a recording of the French folk song
Au clair de la lune with his
phonautograph , producing the world's earliest known intelligible
sound recording of the human voice (however, it was not rediscovered until
2008 ).
May 1 – A Chondrite-type
meteorite falls to earth in
Muskingum County, Ohio , near the town of
New Concord .
May 6 –
Expedition of the Thousand :
Giuseppe Garibaldi and his troops depart from
Quarto .
May 8 – In
New Granada (modern-day
Colombia ) the southern state of
Cauca secedes from the central government, in protest at the suggestion of increase of presidential powers;
Magdalena and
Bolívar join it;
civil war erupts.
May 15 –
Expedition of the Thousand –
Battle of Calatafimi : Troops under
Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat the army of
Naples in
Sicily .
May 17 – The German association football club
TSV 1860 München is founded.
May 27 – Garibaldi's forces take
Palermo , the capital of Sicily.
June 12 – (May 31 O.S.) – The
State Bank of the Russian Empire is established.
July–September
July 2 –
Vladivostok is founded in Russia.
July 11 – Mutsuhito (the future
Emperor Meiji ) becomes
Crown Prince of Japan.
July 20 –
Battle of Milazzo : The forces of
Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat royal Neapolitan forces near Messina, bringing nearly all of Sicily under Garibaldi's control.
July 20 :
Garibaldi .
August 13 –
José Ignacio Pavón (1791-1866) becomes unconstitutional interim
President of Mexico , replacing
Miguel Miramón . Two days later Miramón becomes president again.
[3]
August 22 – Assisted by the British Navy, the troops of
Giuseppe Garibaldi cross from Sicily to the Italian mainland.
September 3 –
5 – The
First International Chemistry Congress is held in
Karlsruhe ,
Baden .
September 7
September 10 – Piedmontese forces invade the
Papal States , hoping to link up with
Garibaldi in Naples.
September 18 –
Battle of Castelfidardo : The Piedmontese decisively defeat the Papal forces, allowing them to continue their march into Neapolitan territory, and effectively reducing the
Papal States to the territory around Rome.
September 24 –
Battle of Guayaquil :
Ecuadorian forces, led by
Juan José Flores and
Gabriel García Moreno , take the port of Guayaquil from Supreme Chief
Guillermo Franco , who is backed by
Peruvian forces.
October–December
October –
John Hanning Speke and
James Augustus Grant leave
Zanzibar , to search for the source of the
Nile River .
October 1 –
Battle of Volturnus : Garibaldi defeats the last organized army of the
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies .
October 5 – Austria, Britain, France,
Prussia and the
Ottoman Empire form a commission to investigate the
causes of the massacres of
Maronite Christians , committed by
Druzes in
Lebanon earlier in the year.
October 6 –
Section 377 of the British Indian penal code was enacted in
British India .
October 17 –
The Open Championship , also known as the British Open, is played for the first time at
Prestwick Golf Club in
Ayrshire , Scotland. The event is won by
Willie Park Sr
October 18 – The first
Convention of Peking formally ends the
Second Opium War .
October 18 –
21 – Beijing's
Old Summer Palace is burned to the ground by orders of British general
Lord Elgin , in retaliation for mistreatment of several
prisoners of war , during the
Second Opium War .
October 19 – A new
Māori revolt begins in New Zealand.
October 26
November 3 – The combined forces of
Giuseppe Garibaldi and King
Victor Emmanuel II besiege King
Francis II of the Two Sicilies in
Gaeta , his last remaining stronghold.
November 6 –
1860 United States presidential election :
Abraham Lincoln defeats
John C. Breckinridge ,
Stephen A. Douglas , and
John Bell , and is elected as the 16th President of the United States, the first
Republican to hold that office.
December 1 –
Charles Dickens publishes the first installment of
Great Expectations in his magazine
All the Year Round .
December 7 – After a fiercely contested campaign,
Monier Monier-Williams
is elected as the new
Boden Professor of Sanskrit , at Oxford University.
December 20 –
American Civil War :
South Carolina becomes the first state to secede from the United States.
December 24 – Mexico's interim president
Miguel Miramón flees the country after being defeated in battle.
[4]
December 29 – The world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled and armoured
battleship , the (British)
HMS Warrior , is launched.
December 29 :
HMS Warrior (restored).
Date unknown
Christians and
Druzes clash in
Damascus , Syria.
In
Buenos Aires , leader
Bartolomé Mitre subverts the
Argentine Confederation and begins to establish a new centralist government, with the help of
Uruguayan
Colorado party leader
Venancio Flores .
China agrees, in an
unequal treaty (the
Convention of Peking ) imposed on it, to allow missionaries to proselytize throughout the country.
Discovery of the chemical elements :
Robert Bunsen discovers
caesium and
rubidium .
German chemist
Albert Niemann makes a detailed analysis of the
coca leaf, isolating and purifying the
alkaloid , which he calls
cocaine .
[5]
Napoleon III , Emperor of the French, and
Empress Eugénie visit
Algiers and stay at the
Casbah of Algiers .
[6]
TAG Heuer watchmaker founded in
Bern Canton ,
Switzerland .
[7]
The
Russian Empire has c. 1,250 miles (2,010 km) of railroads.
Births
January–March
Takaaki Kato
Douglas Hyde
Anton Chekhov
Carl Georg Barth
January 3
January 8 –
Emma Booth , fourth child of
William and
Catherine Booth (d.
1903 )
January 17 –
Douglas Hyde , 1st President of Ireland (d.
1949 )
January 21 –
Karl Staaff , Swedish lawyer, politician, 11th Prime Minister of Sweden (d.
1915 )
January 25 –
Charles Curtis , American politician, 31st Vice President (d.
1936 )
January 28 –
W. G. Read Mullan , American Jesuit, academic (d.
1910 )
January 29
February 11 –
Rachilde , French author (d.
1953 )
February 14 –
Eugen Schiffer , German politician (d.
1954 )
February 18 –
Anders Zorn , Swedish artist (d.
1920 )
February 25 –
Sir William Ashley , English economic historian (d.
1927 )
February 28 –
Carl Georg Barth , Norwegian-American
mathematician ,
mechanical engineer (d.
1939 )
February 29 –
Herman Hollerith , American businessman, inventor (d.
1929 )
March 2 –
Susanna M. Salter , first woman mayor in the United States (d.
1961 )
March 5 –
Sam Thompson , American baseball player (d.
1922 )
March 13 –
Hugo Wolf , Austrian composer (d.
1903 )
March 19 –
William Jennings Bryan , American politician (d.
1925 )
March 23 –
Horatio Bottomley , British politician and businessman (d.
1933 )
[8]
April–June
April 2 –
Zheng Xiaoxu , Chinese statesman, diplomat and calligrapher, first
Prime Minister of Manchukuo (d.
1938 )
April 7 –
Will Keith Kellogg , American industrialist, founder of the
Kellogg Company (d.
1951 )
May 2 –
Theodor Herzl , Austrian founder of modern political Zionism (d.
1904 )
May 7 –
Tom Norman , English freak
showman (d.
1930 )
May 9 –
J. M. Barrie , Scottish author (d.
1937 )
May 15 –
Ellen Axson Wilson ,
First Lady of the United States (d.
1914 )
May 20 –
Eduard Buchner , German chemist,
Nobel Prize laureate (d.
1917 )
May 21 –
Willem Einthoven , Dutch inventor, recipient of the
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d.
1927 )
May 25 –
James McKeen Cattell , American psychologist (d.
1944 )
May 27 –
Manuel Teixeira Gomes , 7th President of Portugal (d.
1941 )
May 29 –
Isaac Albéniz , Spanish composer (d.
1909 )
June 20 –
Jack Worrall , Australian cricketer, footballer, and coach (d.
1937 )
June 25 –
Gustave Charpentier , French composer (d.
1956 )
July–September
Lizzie Borden
Annie Oakley
Joseph Cook
Georgina Fraser Newhall
July 3 –
Charlotte Perkins Gilman , American feminist (d.
1935 )
July 7 –
Gustav Mahler , Austrian composer (d.
1911 )
July 16 –
Otto Jespersen , Danish linguist, creator of
Ido and
Novial languages (d.
1943 )
July 19 –
Lizzie Borden , American murder suspect (d.
1927 )
July 31 –
Sir George Warrender, 7th Baronet , British admiral (d.
1917 )
August 1 –
Bazil Assan , Romanian engineer and explorer (d.
1918 )
August 3 –
William Kennedy Dickson , Scottish inventor, cinema pioneer, and film director (d.
1935 )
August 5 –
Louis Wain , English artist (d.
1939 )
August 7 –
Alan Leo , British astrologer (d.
1917 )
August 10 –
Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande , Indian musician (d.
1936 )
August 13 –
Annie Oakley , American Wild West show performer (d.
1926 )
August 15
August 16 –
Jules Laforgue , French poet (d.
1887 )
August 20 –
Raymond Poincaré , French president (d.
1934 )
August 22 –
Alfred Ploetz , German physician, biologist, and eugenicist (d.
1940 )
August 25 –
George Fawcett , American actor (d.
1939 )
August 26 –
Eudora Stone Bumstead , American poet and hymnwriter (d.
1892 )
September 1 –
Mary E. C. Bancker , American author (d.
1921 )
September 5 –
Andrew Volstead , American politician (d.
1947 )
September 6 –
Jane Addams , American social worker, recipient of the
Nobel Peace Prize (d.
1935 )
September 7 – Anna Mary Robertson Moses (aka
Grandma Moses ), American painter (d.
1961 )
September 13 –
John J. Pershing , American general (d.
1948 )
September 16 –
Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustädten , Austro-Hungarian general (d.
1934 )
October–December
Juliette Gordon Low
Hjalmar Branting
October 31 –
Juliette Gordon Low , American founder of the Girl Scouts (d.
1927 )
November 1 –
Boies Penrose , United States Senator from Pennsylvania (d.
1921 )
November 2 –
Soapy Smith , American con artist and gangster (d.
1898 )
November 6 –
Ignacy Jan Paderewski , Polish pianist and composer, 3rd
Prime Minister of Poland (d.
1941 )
November 16 –
John Henry Kirby , Texas legislator, American businessman (d.
1940 )
November 23 –
Hjalmar Branting ,
Prime Minister of Sweden , recipient of the
Nobel Peace Prize (d.
1925 )
November 26 –
Gabrielle Petit , French feminist activist (d.
1952 )
November 27 –
Yui Mitsue , Japanese general (d.
1925 )
December 4 –
Charles de Broqueville ,
Prime Minister of Belgium (d.
1940 )
December 7 –
Joseph Cook , 6th
Prime Minister of Australia (d.
1947 )
December 15 –
Niels Ryberg Finsen , Danish physician, recipient of the
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d.
1904 )
December 16 –
Ion Dragalina , Romanian general (d.
1916 )
December 25 –
Manuel Dimech , Maltese philosopher, social reformer (d.
1921 )
December 31
Deaths
January–June
Anne Isabella Milbanke
January 1 –
Thomas Hobbes Scott , English clergyman (b.
1783 )
January 5 –
John Neumann ,
Saint and
Roman Catholic Bishop of Philadelphia (b.
1811 )
January 10 –
Ezequiel Zamora , leader of the Federalist Army in
Venezuela (b.
1817 )
January 13 –
William Mason , American politician (b.
1786 )
January 18 –
John Nelson (lawyer) , American lawyer (b.
1791 )
January 27
January 29 –
February 29 –
George Bridgetower , Afro-Polish violinist (b.
1778 )
March 6 –
Justus Johann Friedrich Dotzauer , German cellist, composer (b.
1783 )
March 14 –
Carl Ritter von Ghega , Albanian-born Venetian road engineer (b.
1802 )
March 17 –
Anna Brownell Jameson , British art historian (b.
1794 )
[10]
March 25 –
James Braid , Scottish surgeon (b.
1795 )
May 1 –
Anders Sandøe Ørsted , 3rd Prime Minister of Denmark (b.
1778 )
May 10 –
Theodore Parker , American preacher, Transcendentalist, and abolitionist (b.
1810 )
May 12 – Sir
Charles Barry , English architect (b.
1795 )
[11]
May 21 –
Phineas Gage , improbable American head injury survivor (b.
1823 )
June 30 –
Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert , German naturalist (b.
1780 )
July–December
Charles Goodyear
Arthur Schopenhauer
July 1 –
Charles Goodyear , American inventor (b.
1800 )
August 25 –
Johan Ludvig Heiberg , Danish poet and critic (born
1791 )
[12]
September 12 –
William Walker , American filibuster who was briefly President of
Nicaragua (executed) (b.
1824 )
September 21 –
Arthur Schopenhauer , German philosopher (b.
1788 )
[13]
October 12 –
Sir Harry Smith , English soldier, military commander (b.
1787 )
October 25 –
Alexander Maconchie , Scottish penal reformer (b.
1787 )
October 31 –
Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald , British admiral (b.
1775 )
November 1 –
Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia) , Empress Consort of Russian Emperor
Nicholas I (b.
1798 )
December 2 –
Ferdinand Christian Baur , German theologian (b.
1792 )
[14]
December 14 –
George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen ,
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b.
1784 )
Date unknown
References
^ Webster, John Edward (1911).
"History" . Eastern Bengal and Assam District Gazetteers . Vol. 4. Noakhali.
Allahabad : The Pioneer Press. p. 30.
^
"SS Hungarian - 1860" . On the Rocks . Maritime Museum of the Atlantic. October 5, 2007.
Archived from the original on July 13, 2007. Retrieved May 18, 2021 .
^
"José Ignacio Pavón" . Presidentes.mx (in Spanish). Archived from
the original on June 8, 2019. Retrieved June 8, 2019 .
^
"Miguel Miramón" . Presidentes.mx (in Spanish). Archived from
the original on June 8, 2019. Retrieved June 8, 2019 .
^ Niemann, Albert (1860).
On a New Organic Base in the Coca Leaves ("Über eine neue organische Base in den Cocablättern", published version of Ph.D. dissertation).
^
"Interior of Governors Palace, Algiers, Algeria" .
World Digital Library . 1899. Retrieved September 25, 2013 .
^
"TAG Heuer's History" . TAG Heuer. Retrieved December 7, 2020 .
^ Morris, A.J.A. (January 2011).
"Bottomley, Horatio William" .
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.
doi :
10.1093/ref:odnb/31981 .
Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved June 16, 2014 . (Subscription or
UK public library membership required.)
^ Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920).
"Arndt, Ernst Moritz" .
Encyclopedia Americana .
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
public domain :
Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). "
Jameson, Anna Brownell ".
Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 147.
^
"Sir Charles Barry | British architect" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved November 6, 2021 .
^ Stewart, Jon (2015). The cultural crisis of the Danish golden age: Heiberg, Martensen and Kierkegaard . Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 39.
ISBN
9788763542692 .
^ Schopenhauer, Arthur (1999). Prize essay on the freedom of the will . Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. p. xi.
ISBN
9780521577663 .
^ Overbeck, Franz (2002). On the Christianity of Theology Translated with an Introduction and Notes . Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 58.
ISBN
9781725242128 .