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Calendar year
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1844 .
1844 (
MDCCCXLIV ) was a
leap year starting on Monday of the
Gregorian calendar and a
leap year starting on Saturday of the
Julian calendar , the 1844th year of the
Common Era (CE) and
Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 844th year of the
2nd millennium , the 44th year of the
19th century , and the 5th year of the
1840s decade. As of the start of 1844, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
In the
Philippines , this was the only leap year with 365 days, when
December 31 was skipped as
December 30 was immediately followed by January 1,
1845 , the next day after.
[1] The change also applied to
Caroline Islands ,
Guam ,
Marianas Islands ,
Marshall Islands and
Palau as part of the
Captaincy General of the Philippines ; these became the first places on Earth to redraw the
International Date Line .
Events
May 24 :The first telegraph message is sent.
January–March
February 28 :
USS Princeton deaths.
April–June
May 1 – The
Hong Kong Police Force , the world's second and Asia's first modern, police force is established.
May 23 –
Persian
prophet The
Báb privately announces his revelation to
Mullá Husayn , just after sunset, founding the
Bábí faith (later evolving into the Baháʼí Faith as the Báb
intended ) in Shiraz, Persia (modern-day Iran). Contemporaneously, on this day in nearby Tehran, is the birth of
`Abdu'l-Bahá ; the eldest Son of
Bahá'u'lláh , Prophet-Founder of the
Baháʼí Faith . The Báb's mission is to proclaim
He whom God shall make manifest . `Abdu'l-Bahá Himself is later proclaimed by Bahá'u'lláh to be His own successor, thus being the third "central figure" of the Baháʼí Faith.
May 24 – The first
electrical telegram is sent by
Samuel Morse from the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. to the B&O Railroad "outer depot" in
Baltimore , saying "What hath God wrought".
June –
July – The
Great Flood of 1844 hits the
Missouri River and
Mississippi River .
June 3 :
great auk
June 3 – The last definitely recorded pair of
great auks are killed on the
Icelandic island of
Eldey .
June 6 –
George Williams sets up (in London) what is often cited as the first youth organisation in the world
[5] – "The Young Men's Christian Association", commonly known as
YMCA . It will grow to a worldwide organisation based in Geneva, Switzerland, with more than 57 million beneficiaries from 125 national associations. George Williams aims to put Christian principles into practice by developing a healthy "body, mind, and spirit." These three angles are reflected by the different sides of the (red) triangle – part of all YMCA logos.
June 15 –
Charles Goodyear receives a United States
patent for
vulcanization , a process to strengthen
rubber .
June 17 –
Søren Kierkegaard 's
The Concept of Anxiety is published in Denmark (as Begrebet Angest by 'Vigilius Haufniensis').
June 22 – The
Delta Kappa Epsilon student fraternity is founded at
Yale College in the United States. ΔΚΕ will be home to many well known figures, such as U.S. Presidents George W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, Gerald Ford and Theodore Roosevelt.
June 27 –
Killing of Joseph Smith :
Joseph Smith , founder of the
Latter Day Saint movement , and his brother
Hyrum , are murdered in
Carthage Jail ,
Carthage, Illinois by an armed mob, leading to a
succession crisis in the movement .
John Taylor , future president of
the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , is severely injured but survives, while the fourth man inside the upper room, then-apostle
Willard Richards , escapes with only a graze to his upper ear.
[6]
July–September
July 3 – The United States signs the
Treaty of Wanghia with the Qing Empire.
[7] The treaty establishes five U.S.
treaty ports in China with
extraterritoriality and is the first unequal treaty that the United States imposed on the dynasty.
July 19 – The
Bank Charter Act of 1844 is approved, which restricts the powers of British banks, limiting note-issuing powers outside the central Bank of England.
August 8 – During a meeting held in
Nauvoo, Illinois , the
Quorum of the Twelve , headed by
Brigham Young , is chosen as the leading body of
the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints .
August 10 – German astronomer
Friedrich Bessel deduces from the motion of the
bright stars
Sirius and
Procyon that they have dark companions.
[8]
August 14 –
Abdelkader El Djezairi is defeated at the
Battle of Isly in
Morocco ; sultan
Abd al-Rahman of Morocco soon repudiates his ally.
August 16 –
Narciso Claveria ,
Governor-General of the Philippines , makes a decree announcing that Monday, December 30, 1844, will be immediately followed by Wednesday, January 1, 1845. (Tuesday, December 31, 1844, is removed from the Philippine calendar because since 1521 the country has been one day behind its
Asian neighbors.)
August 28 –
Friedrich Engels and
Karl Marx meet in Paris, France.
September 25 –
27 – The first ever
international cricket match is played in New York City,
United States v Canadian Provinces .
October–December
October 18 –
1844 Salta earthquake . A magnitude 6.5 earthquake hits
Argentina 's
Salta Province .
October 22 – This second date predicted by the
Millerites for the
Second Coming of
Jesus (and said to be 6,000 years from creation, relating them to the 6 days of creation, using a day-for-a-year bible principle, with which they proved that the 1,000 years of rest in heaven with God would total to 7,000 years, indicating the completion of creation in the beginning, which make 7 days, but the 7th day is for rest, same as the 7,000th year is for rest in heaven), leads to the
Great Disappointment . The
Seventh-day Adventist Church believes this date to be the starting point of the
Investigative judgment , just prior to the Second Coming of Jesus, as declared in the 26th of 28 fundamental doctrines of Seventh-day Adventists.
[9]
October 23 – The
Báb is publicly proclaimed to be the promised one of Islam (the
Qá'im , or
Mahdi ). He is also considered to be simultaneously the return of
Elijah ,
John the Baptist and the "
Ushídar-Máh " referred to in the
Zoroastrian scriptures.
[10] He announces to the world the coming of "
He whom God shall make manifest ". He is considered the forerunner of
Bahá'u'lláh – the founder of the
Baháʼí Faith – whose claims include being the return of
Jesus .
November 3 –
Giuseppe Verdi 's opera
I due Foscari debuts at
Teatro Argentina , Rome.
November 6 – The
Dominican Republic drafts its first
Constitution .
December 4 –
1844 United States presidential election :
James K. Polk defeats
Henry Clay .
December 13 –
Hungarian becomes the official language of
Hungary .
[11]
December 21 – The
Rochdale Pioneers commence business at their
cooperative in
Rochdale , England.
December 31 – This date is omitted from the calendar in the
Philippines .
Date unknown
Births
January–March
Minna Canth
Patrick Collins
John Boyle O'Reilly
January 7 –
Bernadette Soubirous , French visionary from Lourdes (d.
1879 )
January 9 –
Julián Gayarre , Spanish opera singer (d.
1890 )
January 11 –
Franz Schrader , French mountaineer, geographer, cartographer and landscape painter (d.
1924 )
February 14 –
Robert Themptander , 4th prime minister of Sweden (d.
1897 )
February 20
February 21 –
Charles-Marie Widor , French organist, composer (d.
1937 )
February 26 –
Horace Harmon Lurton ,
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d.
1914 )
February 28 –
French Ensor Chadwick , American admiral (d.
1919 )
March 1 –
Dirk van Raalte , American
Union soldier and politician (d.
1910 )
March 10 –
Pablo de Sarasate , Spanish violinist (d.
1908 )
March 14 –
Umberto I , King of Italy (d.
1900 )
March 18 –
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov , Russian composer (d.
1908 )
March 19 –
Minna Canth , Finnish writer and social activist (d.
1897 )
[12]
March 25 –
Adolf Engler , German botanist (d.
1930 )
March 30 –
Paul Verlaine , French poet (d.
1896 )
April–June
Mary Cassatt
April 1 –
Nikolai Skrydlov , Russian admiral (d.
1918 )
April 13 –
John Surratt , suspect in the
Abraham Lincoln assassination , son of
Mary Surratt (d.
1916 )
April 16 –
Anatole France , French writer,
Nobel Prize laureate (d.
1924 )
[13]
April 22 –
Lewis Powell , attempted assassin of
United States Secretary of State
William H. Seward , conspirator with
John Wilkes Booth (d.
1865 )
April 26 –
Lizardo García , 17th President of Ecuador (d.
1937 )
April 28 –
Katarina Milovuk , Serbian educator, women's rights activist (d.
1909 )
May 3
May 14 –
Alexander Kaulbars , Russian general, explorer (d.
1925 )
May 19 –
William M. Folger , American admiral (d.
1928 )
May 21 –
Henri Rousseau , French artist (d.
1910 )
May 22 –
Mary Cassatt , American painter and printmaker (d.
1926 )
May 23 –
`Abdu'l-Bahá , Persian Baháʼí religious leader (d.
1921 )
June 6 –
Konstantin Savitsky , Russian painter (d.
1905 )
June 30 –
George Bengescu-Dabija , Wallachian-born Romanian poet, playwright and general (d.
1916 )
July–September
Emily Ruete
Friedrich Nietzsche
Ludwig Grillich
Karl Benz
Queen
Alexandra of Denmark
July 11 – King
Peter I of Serbia (d.
1921 )
July 22 –
William Archibald Spooner , British scholar, Anglican priest (d.
1930 )
July 25 –
Thomas Eakins , American painter, sculptor (d.
1916 )
July 26 –
Deodato Arellano , Filipino Propagandist (d.
1899 )
July 28 –
Gerard Manley Hopkins , English poet (d.
1889 )
July 30 –
Robert Jones Burdette , American minister, sentimental humorist (d.
1914 )
August 5
August 6 –
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (d.
1900 )
[14]
August 17 –
Menelik II ,
Emperor of Ethiopia (d.
1913 )
August 20 –
Mutsu Munemitsu , Japanese statesman, diplomat (d.
1897 )
August 22 –
George W. De Long , American naval officer, explorer (d.
1881 )
August 23 –
Hamilton Disston , American land developer (d.
1896 )
August 25 –
Ramón Auñón y Villalón , Spanish admiral and politician (d.
1925 )
August 29 –
Edward Carpenter , English socialist poet (d.
1929 )
August 30 –
Emily Ruete , Princess of Zanzibar (d.
1924 )
September 7 –
Charles Romley Alder Wright , British chemist (d.
1894 )
September 13 –
Ludwig von Falkenhausen , German general (d.
1936 )
September 16 –
Claude-Paul Taffanel , French flutist, composer (d.
1908 )
September 20 –
William H. Illingworth , English photographer (d.
1893 )
September 24 –
Max Noether , German mathematician (d.
1921 )
September 28 –
Sir Robert Stout , 2-time prime minister of New Zealand (d.
1930 )
September 29 –
Miguel Ángel Juárez Celman , 10th President of Argentina (d.
1909 )
October–December
Francis William Reitz
W.C. Bonnerjee
October 5 –
Francis William Reitz , 5th State President of the
Orange Free State (d.
1934 )
October 11 –
Henry J. Heinz , American businessman (d.
1919 )
October 15 –
Friedrich Nietzsche , German philosopher (d.
1900 )
[15]
October 16 –
Ismail Qemali , Albanian civil servant, politician, 1st Prime Minister of Albania (d.
1919 )
October 22 –
Louis Riel , Canadian-American leader (d.
1885 )
October 23
October 24 –
Karl Lueger , Austrian politician,
Mayor of Vienna (d.
1910 )
October 27 –
Klas Pontus Arnoldson , Swedish writer, pacifist, recipient of the
Nobel Peace Prize (d.
1916 )
November 2 –
Mehmed V ,
Ottoman Sultan (d.
1918 )
November 10 –
Henry Eyster Jacobs , American Lutheran theologian (d.
1932 )
November 11 –
Marcelino Crisologo , Filipino politician, playwright, writer and poet (d.
1927 )
November 13 –
Andrew Harper , Scottish-Australian biblical scholar, teacher (d.
1936 )
November 25 –
Karl Benz , German automotive pioneer (d.
1929 )
[16]
December 1 –
Alexandra of Denmark , Queen of
Edward VII of the United Kingdom (d.
1925 )
[17]
December 8 –
Charles-Émile Reynaud , French science teacher, animation pioneer (d.
1918 )
December 18 –
Takashima Tomonosuke , Japanese general (d.
1916 )
December 29 –
Womesh Chundra Bonnerjee , Indian Barrister (d.
1906 )
Date unknown
Deaths
January–June
January 25 –
Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon , French marshal (b.
1765 )
January 27 –
Charles Nodier , French writer (b.
1780 )
January 29 –
Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (b.
1784 )
February 3 –
Frederick Ponsonby, 3rd Earl of Bessborough (b.
1758 )
February 15 –
Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth ,
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b.
1757 )
February 27 –
Nicholas Biddle , president of the Second Bank of the United States (b.
1786 )
March –
Carlota , Cuban slave rebel leader
March 6 –
Gabriel Duvall , American politician and
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b.
1752 )
March 8 – King
Charles XIV John of Sweden , Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, French Napoleonic general (b.
1763 )
March 20 –
Claude Pierre Pajol , French military leader (b.
1772 )
April 3 –
Edward Bigge , English cleric, 1st
Archdeacon of Lindisfarne (b.
1807 )
April 13 –
Mamiya Rinzō , Japanese explorer of
Sakhalin (b.
1775 )
April 17 –
James Scarlett Abinger , English judge (b.
1769 )
May 18 –
Richard McCarty , American politician (b.
1780 )
June 13 –
Thomas Charles Hope , Scottish chemist, discoverer of strontium (b.
1766 )
June 15 –
Thomas Campbell , Scottish poet (b.
1777 )
June 27
July–December
Melchor Múzquiz
July 11 –
Yevgeny Baratynsky , Russian poet, philosopher (b.
1800 )
July 27 –
John Dalton , English chemist, physicist (b.
1766 )
July 28 –
Joseph Bonaparte , brother of
Napoleon I , King of Naples and Spain (b.
1768 )
[18]
July 29 –
Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart , Austrian composer (b.
1791 )
September ? –
Robert Taylor , English-born
Radical writer,
freethought advocate (b.
1784 )
November 14 –
Flora Tristan , French feminist (b.
1803 )
November 29 –
Princess Sophia of Gloucester (b.
1773 )
December 2 –
Eustachy Erazm Sanguszko , Polish military leader (b.
1768 )
December 14 –
Melchor Múzquiz , 5th
President of Mexico (b.
1790 )
December 24 –
Friedrich Bernhard Westphal , Danish-German painter (b. 1803)
Date unknown
References
^ Laskow, Sarah (December 30, 2015).
"In 1844, the Philippines Skipped a Day, And It Took Decades for the Rest of the World to Notice" . Atlas Obscura. Retrieved April 19, 2023 .
^
"Saima" . Digital Collections . The
National Library of Finland . Retrieved January 22, 2024 .
^
"Saima nro 1, 4.1.1844" . Selected Works of J V. Snellman . Retrieved January 22, 2024 .
^ Sigurðardóttir, Heiða María; Emilsson, Páll Emil.
"Hvenær var Alþingi stofnað?" . visindavefur.is . Vísindavefurinn. Retrieved September 3, 2021 .
^
History of youth work
^
"Doctrine and Covenants 135" . www.churchofjesuschrist.org . Retrieved January 22, 2019 .
^
"Treaty Of Wangxia (Treaty Of Wang-Hsia 望廈條約), May 18, 1844" . USC US-China Institute . USC Annenberg.
^ Bessel, F. W. (December 1844).
"On the Variations of the Proper Motions of Procyon and Sirius " . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 6 (11): 136–141.
Bibcode :
1844MNRAS...6R.136B .
doi :
10.1093/mnras/6.11.136a .
^
"Beliefs: The Official Site of the Seventh-day Adventist world church" . Adventist.org. Archived from
the original on March 10, 2006. Retrieved November 16, 2015 .
^
Shoghi, Effendi (1944).
God Passes By . Wilmette, Illinois, US: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. p. 58.
ISBN
0-87743-020-9 .
Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2012 .
^
Magyar Közlöny – A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG HIVATALOS LAPJA 29 September, 2011
^ Maijala, Minna.
"Minna Canth (1844–1897)" . Klassikkogalleria . Kristiina Institute,
University of Helsinki . Retrieved December 8, 2020 .
^
"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1921" . www.nobelprize.org . Retrieved September 28, 2023 .
^ Panton, James (February 24, 2011).
Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy . Scarecrow Press. p. 39.
ISBN
978-0-8108-7497-8 .
^
Hollingdale, R. J. (1999). Nietzsche: The Man and His Philosophy .
Cambridge University Press .
ISBN
978-0-521-64091-6 .
JSTOR
2024055 .
^ Friedrich Schildberger (1968). Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach and Karl Benz . Daimler-Benz Aktiengesellschaft. p. 59.
^
"Queen Alexandra, wife of Edward VII" . Westminster Abbey . Retrieved October 7, 2022 .
^
"Joseph Bonaparte | king of Spain and Naples" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved March 25, 2019 .