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| Chinese | 三官大帝 | ||||||
| Literal meaning | Three Great Emperor-Officials | ||||||
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The Three Great Emperor-Officials ( Chinese: 三官大帝; pinyin: sānguān dàdì), Sanguan, [1] or the Three Officials [1] are three of the highest shen in some branches of religious Taoism, and subordinate only to the Jade Emperor (玉帝 yùdì). The Three Great Emperor-Officials are the Heavenly Official (天官 tiānguān), the Earthly Official (地官 dìguān) and the Water Official (水官 shuǐguān). They administer all phenomena in the three spheres,[ citation needed] and were thought to be able to take away sin.
Chinese playwrights popularized the worship of these gods by including a skit before plays with shared themes between each performance called The Official of Heaven Brings Happiness. [1]
They have been worshipped since the second century CE. [2] [1]
Full titles
- The Heavenly Official, full title: the Heavenly Official of Higher Origin and First-Rank Who Bestows Blessings (上元一品賜福天官, shàngyuán yīpǐn cìfú tiānguān), also known as the Great Emperor of Middle Heaven North Star (紫微大帝, zǐwēi dàdì).
- The Earthly Official, full title: the Earthly Official of Middle Origin and Second-Rank Who Absolve Sins (中元二品赦罪地官, zhōngyuán èrpǐn shèzuì dìguān), also known as the Great Emperor of Pristine Emptiness (清虛大帝, qīnɡxū dàdì).
- The Water Official, full title: the Water Official of Lower Origin and Third-Rank Who Eliminate Misfortunes (下元三品解厄水官, xiàyuán sānpǐn jiě è shuǐguān), also known as the Great Emperor of Pervasive Yin (洞陰大帝, dòngyīn dàdì) [3]
Tiānguān
Tiānguān was thought to have power over Tiān or heaven and grant happiness to believers. [1]
Dìguān
Dìguān was the official of earth who took away sin in popular belief, [1] [4] although all the Sanguan were thought to be able to pardon sin to some extent, especially with their powers combined. [1] [2]
Shuǐguān
Shuǐguān was the ruler of the ocean in some Taoist belief systems, [1] [2] and in others, he shared the same position as the Dragon King [2] or did not exist.[ citation needed] He was often held to "avert misfortune". [1]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Sanguan". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2010-02-03. Retrieved 2023-04-30.
- ^ a b c d Adler, Joseph A. "The Three Officials". Kenyon College. Retrieved 2023-04-30.
- ^ 《道法會元》
- ^ "The Three Officials". Roots. National Heritage Board. Retrieved 2023-04-30.
External links
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