In
Goa, the
Brahmins were engaged in the priestly occupation, but had also taken up various occupations like agriculture, trade, goldsmith, etc.[14] The origins of this particular caste can be traced back to the
Christianisation of the
Velhas Conquistas (
Portuguese: Old Conquests) that was undertaken by the
Portuguese during the 16th and 17th centuries. It was during this period that the
Jesuit,
Franciscan and
Dominican missionaries converted many Brahmins to Christianity.[15] The first mass conversions took place among the Brahmins of
Divar, and the
Kshatriyas of
Carambolim.[16]
All converts from Brahmin sub-castes (
Gowd Saraswat Brahmin,
Daivadnya Brahmin, etc.) were unified into a single Christian caste of Bamonn.[17][18][19] Since the conversions of Brahmins of a particular area became instrumental in the conversions of members of other castes because it resulted in loss of temple priests, such converts were highly valued and esteemed by the church and Portuguese authorities alike.[15]
They were even allowed to wear the Yajnopavita (sacred threads) and other caste markings by a special
dispensation of
Pope Gregory XV in 1623, on the condition that these were to be
blessed by a Catholic priest.[20]
The Bamonns in general, consider their
Indian caste system to be a class form of social categorisation.[21] Since their concept is divorced from all the religious elements associated to it by their Hindu counterparts, they tend to justify their maintenance of caste as a form of
social stratification similar to the Western class concept.[21] They are an
endogamous group and have generally refrained from
inter-marriage with Catholics of other castes.[21][22] However, while the Bamonns never inter-married or mingled with the lower castes, the statutes and norms of the Roman Catholic church restrained them from practising
Hindu caste based discrimination against the latter.[23] Although most now carry Portuguese surnames, they have retained knowledge about their ancestral pre-conversion surnames, such as
Bhat,
Kamat,
Nayak,
Pai,
Prabhu,
Shenoy, and
Shet.[24][25] The konkanised variants of these surnames are Bhôtt, Kāmot, Nāik, Poi, Porbų (Probų), Šeņai, and Šet.[25]
Mudartha is a unique surname to be found among some Bamonn families that hail from
Udipi district in Karnataka.[26] Most Mangalorean Catholic Bamonn families trace their patrilineal descent to Goud Saraswat Brahmins.[9][10][11][27] There were a few historical instances in the Mangalorean Catholic community, wherein some Protestant
Anglo-Indians were admitted into the Bamonn fold by Catholic priests at the time of their conversion to Catholicism,[28] their descendants are known as Pulputhru Bamonns (Pulpit Bamonns).[28][verification needed]
A 1976
genetic analysis study conducted on three groups of
Saraswat Brahmins and one group of Goan Catholic Bamonns in Western India, confirmed the historical and ethnological evidence of a relationship between Goan Catholic Bamonns land
Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmins.[29] The study further revealed that intergroup differences between the subject groups suggested a genetic closeness, with genetic distance ranging from 0.8 to 1.5.[29]
In popular culture
In her poem entitled de Souza Prabhu, the Goan poet
Eunice de Souza muses about her Bamonn heritage:[30]
"No, I'm not going to
delve deep down and discover,
I'm really de Souza Prabhu
even if Prabhu was no fool
and got the best of both worlds.
(Catholic Brahmin!
I can hear his fat chuckle still.)"
The main protagonist of Mangalorean writer
Richard Crasta's erotic novel The Revised Kamasutra, is Vijay Prabhu, a small town, middle class Bamonn youth living in Mangalore during the 1970s.[31] Filled with erotic longing and a deep desire to flee staunchly conservative Mangalore, he embarks on a sexual and spiritual odyssey that eventually lands him in the relatively liberal United States.
The protagonists of Konkani novelist,
V.J.P. Saldanha's novels such as Balthazar from the novel, Belthangaddicho Balthazar (Balthazar of
Belthangadi), Sardar Simaon and Sardar Anthon from Devache Kurpen (By the Grace of God), Salu and Dumga Peenth from Sordarachim Sinol (The sign of the Knights) are Bamonns. A few characters such as Jaculo Pai and Monna Kamath from Sordarachim Sinol,[32] Sardar Simaon Pedru Prabhu, Sardar Anthon Paul Shet and Raphael Minguel Kamath from Devache Kurpen have evidently Brahmin surnames.[33]
Antonio Gomes' debut novel The Sting of Peppercorns (2010) focuses on the trials and tribulations faced by the de Albuquerques, a Bamonn family from
Loutolim in
Salcette. The family is headed by its patriarch Afonso de Albuquerque, a namesake of the
conqueror of Goa to whom the family is linked through legend. Apart from him, it consists of his wife Dona Isabella, their two sons Paulo and Roberto, their daughter Amanda, an aunt Rosita noted for her cooking skills, ayah Carmina, and several servants who live on the de Albuquerque estate.[34]
Shakuntala Bharvani's novel Lost Directions (1996) features a minor Goan Bamonn character, Donna Bolvanta-Bragança. She is a fervent Catholic who takes pride in her Brahmin heritage, scornfully reprimanding the protagonist Sangeeta Chainani for mistaking her to be an Anglo-Indian.[35] When Chainani innocently inquires as to how she can call herself a Brahmin while adhering to Roman Catholicism, her inquiry is contemptuously dismissed by the character.[36]
a^ In his A Konkani grammar published in
Mangalore by the Basel Printing Press in 1882, Italian Jesuit and Konkani philologist Angelus Francis Xavier Maffei stated that Mangalorean Catholic Bamonn families then were still referred to by their paik surnames.[25] In the book, Maffei also gives a Konkani language grammar exercise:
Mezār lugaţ gallāiñgī? Galtāñ. Have you covered the table with cloth? I will!
Suriār kiteñ assā moņ, amkāñ sǎrkeñ kǎļnāñ: zipki mǎnis moņtāt, suriār sǎbār kǎtañ assāt. We do not know properly what’s there in the moon: Learned people say that there are many spots in the moon.
Kitleañ uorānčer amiñ yēzāi? Dånparā yā sānjer. At what time should we come? Afternoon or in the evening?
Amiñ Devā kurpā sāmbaļtāuñ moņasăr, Deu amger rāutā. God resides at our home, as long as we keep His grace.
Pātkiānger Deu rãutãgī? Rāutā, puņ išţa bǎri niñ. Does God stay at sinners' home? He stays, but as a friend.
Tuzo pūtų khǎiñ assā? To seireānger assā. Where is your son? He is at a relatives' house.
Tūñ khǎiñčea gǎrānt assāi? Āuñ Porbuger assāñ, mozo bāu Kāmtiger, moji boiņ Nāikāger, moji māusi Šēţiger, mozo sentur Šeņǎiñger. In whose house do you reside? I stay at the Prabhu household, my brother at the Kamath household, my sister at the Naik household, my aunty at the Shet household, my great-grandchild at the Shenoy household.
Somi Jezu Krist vāur kǎrtālo, teātz jinsār tūñ vāur kǎr ani asseñ sompūrņ zatoloi. Everyone should live as
Jesus Christ did; Live like him and you will become complete.
Zōkōņ Jezu Kristāčer sǎtmāndināñ, pātienāñ ani tātso mōg kǎrināñ, takā zǎrti zāun zǎli. The man who does not trust, believe in, and love Jesus Christ, will be judged.
^Crasta 1992, p. 12 (Stream of consciousness narration by the protagonist) "When I was born, many years later, there was the problem of naming me, a Christian descendant of Brahmins – and earlier of colonizing Aryans from South-eastern Europe."
^Bharvani 1996, p. 50 "She hissed aloud, 'I'm no Anglo! I'm Donna Bolvanta-Bragança and I'm a Catholic Brahmin from Goa. That infidel lick-spittle of the British, that toad, that nanoid Negritic
Nirad Chaudhuri who calls Goans half-caste
Meztizos, may his body and soul burn in hell-fire!'"
^Bharvani 1996, p. 50 "'I studied at a Convent in Bombay,' said Sangeeta, in an attempt to calm the eyes pouring forth fire and brimstone, 'and I have the greatest respect for the Catholic community. I go to Church quite often – sometimes even to the
Novenas at the
Mahim Church on Wednesdays. But how is it, I don't quite understand, since you are a Catholic, can you still call yourself a Brahmin? I thought only we Hindus were plagued by this shameful caste system?'... Miss Bolvanta-Bragança wiggled a snake-like finger threateningly at her. 'Has somebody put you up to this, my girl? Has
Belial been at it again? I'm a Brahmin Goan and I'm not here to listen to any of your nonsense, Miss whatever-your-name-is!'"
Bhatia, H. M.; Shanbhag, S. R.; Baxi, A. J.; Bapat, J.; Sathe, M. S.; Sharma, R. S.; Kabeer, H.; Bharucha, Z. S.; Surlacar, L. (1976). "Genetic studies among endogamous groups of Saraswats in Western India". Hum Hered. 26 (6): 458–467.
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