From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Substance related to dopamine functions
The
chemical structure of the
neurotransmitter
dopamine
Dopaminergic means "related to
dopamine " (literally, "working on dopamine"), dopamine being a common
neurotransmitter .
[1] Dopaminergic substances or actions increase dopamine-related activity in the brain.
Dopaminergic brain pathways facilitate dopamine-related activity. For example, certain
proteins such as the
dopamine transporter (DAT),
vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2 ), and
dopamine receptors can be classified as dopaminergic, and
neurons that
synthesize or contain dopamine and
synapses with dopamine receptors in them may also be labeled as dopaminergic .
Enzymes that regulate the
biosynthesis or
metabolism of dopamine such as
aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase or
DOPA decarboxylase ,
monoamine oxidase (MAO), and
catechol O -methyl transferase (COMT) may be referred to as dopaminergic as well. Also, any
endogenous or
exogenous
chemical substance that acts to affect dopamine receptors or dopamine release through indirect actions (for example, on neurons that synapse onto neurons that release dopamine or express dopamine receptors) can also be said to have dopaminergic effects, two prominent examples being
opioids , which enhance dopamine release indirectly in the
reward pathways , and some
substituted amphetamines , which enhance dopamine release directly by binding to and inhibiting
VMAT2 .
Supplements and drugs
The following are examples of dopaminergic
substances :
Precursors
Receptor agonists
Dopamine receptor agonists such as
apomorphine ,
bromocriptine ,
cabergoline ,
dihydrexidine (LS-186,899),
dopamine ,
fenoldopam ,
piribedil ,
lisuride ,
pergolide ,
pramipexole ,
ropinirole , and
rotigotine , are used in the treatment of
Parkinson's disease and to treat
depression and
anxiety .
Receptor antagonists and blockers
Dopamine receptor antagonists including
typical antipsychotics such as
chlorpromazine (Thorazine),
fluphenazine ,
haloperidol (Haldol),
loxapine ,
molindone ,
perphenazine ,
pimozide ,
thioridazine ,
thiothixene , and
trifluoperazine , the
atypical antipsychotics such as
amisulpride ,
clozapine ,
olanzapine ,
quetiapine (Seroquel),
risperidone (Risperdal),
sulpiride , and
ziprasidone , and
antiemetics like
domperidone ,
metoclopramide , and
prochlorperazine , among others, which are used in the treatment of
schizophrenia and
bipolar disorder as
antipsychotics , and
nausea and
vomiting .
Reuptake inhibitors and transporter blockers
Dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DRIs) or
dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitors such as
methylphenidate (Ritalin),
amineptine , and
nomifensine ,
cocaine ,
methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV; "Sonic"),
ketamine , and
phencyclidine (PCP), among others, which are used in the treatment of
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and
narcolepsy as
psychostimulants ,
obesity as
anorectics ,
depression and
anxiety as
antidepressants and
anxiolytics , respectively,
drug addiction as
anticraving agents , and
sexual dysfunction , as well as
illicit
street drugs .
Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2 ) inhibitors such as
reserpine ,
tetrabenazine , and
deserpidine , which are used as
sympatholytics or
antihypertensives , and in the past as
antipsychotics .
Releasing agents
Dopamine releasing agents (DRAs) such as
phenethylamine ,
amphetamine ,
lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse),
methamphetamine ,
methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA),
phenmetrazine ,
pemoline ,
4-methylaminorex (4-MAR), and
benzylpiperazine , among many others, which, like DRIs, are used in the treatment of
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and
narcolepsy as
psychostimulants ,
obesity as
anorectics ,
depression and
anxiety as
antidepressants and
anxiolytics respectively,
drug addiction as
anticraving agents , and
sexual dysfunction as
aphrodisiacs . Many of these compounds are also
illicit
street drugs .
"Activity enhancers"
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
inhibitors (MAOIs) including
nonselective agents such as
phenelzine ,
tranylcypromine , and
isocarboxazid ,
MAOA
selective agents like
moclobemide , and
MAOB
selective agents such as
selegiline ,
rasagiline , and
pargyline , as well as the
harmala alkaloids like
harmine ,
harmaline ,
tetrahydroharmine ,
harmalol ,
harman , and
norharman , which are found to varying degrees in
Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco),
Banisteriopsis caapi (ayahuasca, yage),
Peganum harmala (Harmal, Syrian Rue),
Passiflora incarnata (Passion Flower), and
Tribulus terrestris , among others, which are used in the treatment of
depression and
anxiety as
antidepressants and
anxiolytics , respectively, in the treatment of
Parkinson's disease and
dementia , and for the
recreational purpose of boosting the effects of certain
drugs like
phenethylamine (PEA) and
psychedelics like
dimethyltryptamine (DMT) via inhibiting their
metabolism .
Dopamine synthesis enhancers
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA upregulators such as bromantane and low dose aspirin.
[3]
[4] Bromantane's upregulation of TH may persist for a time (up to at least one month) after its discontinuation based on data related to its efficacy in treating
asthenic disorders in Russia.
[5]
Other enzyme inhibitors
Catechol O -methyl transferase (COMT)
inhibitors such as
entacapone and
tolcapone , which are used in the treatment of
Parkinson's disease .
Dopamine β-hydroxylase inhibitors like
disulfiram (Antabuse), which can be used in the treatment of addiction to cocaine and similar dopaminergic drugs as a deterrent drug. The excess dopamine resulting from inhibition of the dopamine β-hydroxylase enzyme increases unpleasant symptoms such as anxiety, higher blood pressure, and restlessness. Disulfiram is not an
anticraving agent , because it does not decrease craving for drugs. Instead,
positive punishment from its unpleasant effects deters drug consumption.
[6]
Phenylalanine hydroxylase inhibitors like
3,4-dihydroxystyrene ), which is currently only a
research chemical with no suitable therapeutic indications, likely because such drugs would induce the potentially highly dangerous
hyperphenylalaninemia or
phenylketonuria .
Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors like
metirosine , which is used in the treatment of
pheochromocytoma as a
sympatholytic or
antihypertensive agent.
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase or
DOPA decarboxylase inhibitors including
benserazide ,
carbidopa , and
methyldopa , which are used in the treatment of
Parkinson's disease in
augmentation of
L-DOPA to block the
peripheral conversion of
dopamine , thereby inhibiting undesirable
side-effects , and as
sympatholytic or
antihypertensive agents.
Others such as
hyperforin and
adhyperforin (both found in
Hypericum perforatum St. John's Wort),
L-theanine (found in
Camellia sinensis , the tea plant), and
S -adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe)
See also
References
^ Melinosky C (27 November 2022).
"Parkinson's Disease: Glossary of Terms" . WebMD .
^ Shimazu S, Miklya I (May 2004). "Pharmacological studies with endogenous enhancer substances: beta-phenylethylamine, tryptamine, and their synthetic derivatives". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry . 28 (3): 421–427.
doi :
10.1016/j.pnpbp.2003.11.016 .
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^ Rangasamy SB, Dasarathi S, Pahan P, Jana M, Pahan K (June 2019).
"Low-Dose Aspirin Upregulates Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Increases Dopamine Production in Dopaminergic Neurons: Implications for Parkinson's Disease" . Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology . 14 (2): 173–187.
doi :
10.1007/s11481-018-9808-3 .
PMC
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^ Mikhaylova M, Vakhitova JV, Yamidanov RS, Salimgareeva MK, Seredenin SB, Behnisch T (October 2007). "The effects of ladasten on dopaminergic neurotransmission and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in rats". Neuropharmacology . 53 (5): 601–608.
doi :
10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.07.001 .
PMID
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^ Voznesenskaia TG, Fokina NM, Iakhno NN (2010).
"[Treatment of asthenic disorders in patients with psychoautonomic syndrome: results of a multicenter study on efficacy and safety of ladasten]" . Zhurnal Nevrologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova . 110 (5 Pt 1): 17–26.
PMID
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^ Krampe H, Stawicki S, Wagner T, Bartels C, Aust C, Rüther E, Poser W, Ehrenreich H (January 2006). "Follow-up of 180 alcoholic patients for up to 7 years after outpatient treatment: impact of alcohol deterrents on outcome". Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research . 30 (1): 86–95.
doi :
10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00013.x .
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